AQUACULTURE IN INDIA Aquaculture refers to production of aquatic animals and plants such as fish, shrimp, molluscs and sea weeds in water. It can be classified under two major heads-freshwater and coastal. The latter can again be subdivided into two categories, namely, sea farming and brackish water aquaculture. Sea farming refers to culture of organisms in cages, pens, rafts and longlines in the open coastal waters and bays, whereas brackish water aquaculture relates to land-based farming systems using salt water from the estuaries and creeks as also from the sea in coastal areas. Coastal aquaculture uses many common species of fish, shrimps and molluscs.
DEVELOPMENT OF INLAND FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE The ongoing scheme of Development of Freshwater Aquaculture and Integrated Coastal Aquaculture have been combined with four new programmes on development of coldwater fish culture, development of water-logged area and derelict water bodies into aquaculture estates, use of inland saline/alkaline soil for aquaculture and programme for augmenting the productivity of reservoirs. This scheme broadly has two componentsAquaculture and Inland Capture Fisheries. The government has been implementing an important programme in inland sector, viz., development of freshwater aquaculture through the Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDAs) with the objective of utilising the country's vast brackishwater area for shrimp culture. Brackishwater Fish Farmers Development Agencies (BFDAs) has been set up in the coastal areas of the country. Presently about 50 per cent of the shrimp exported from the country is from aquaculture.
Specialised Institutes The Central Institute of Fisheries, Nautical and Engineering Training, Kochi, with units at Chelmai and Visakhapatnam, aims at making available sufficient number of operators of deep-sea fishing vessels and technicians for shore establishments. Integrated Fisheries Project, Kochi, envisages processing, popularising and ~est marketing of unconventional varieties of fish. The Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fisheries, Bangalore, is engaged in techno-economic feasibility study for location of fishing harbour sites. Fishery Survey of India (FSI) is the nodal organisation responsible for survey and assessment of fishery resources under the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
Industrial aquaculture, however, has ecological dimensions, for maintenance of water quality and disposal of waste water are critical for this sector. The prawn culture taken up jointly between industry and the state in Chilka Lake came under fire on this issue. It is felt by environmentalists that large quantities of waste discharged into the lake is going to damage the ecology of this important wetland.
New Areas India is a newcomer to the field of shrimp farming but has progressed well: it is fifth among the major producers.
Mud crabs (Scylla serrata) are abundant in Indian estuaries, especially in Chilka Lake, Pulicat Lake and Vembanad Lake and the crab resources are getting overexploited at present. A small quantity of mud cr~ is
exported in live form to Singapore from Chennai. No commercial culture has been taken up so far despite heavy demand and high price.
Oyster is eaten in raw, smoked and canned forms. it is a delicacy in many countries. India is endowed with rich natural resources of edible oysters in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat coasts. Pearl oysters are abundant in Gulf of Mannar and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Pearl production is already going on at Mandapam in southern Tamil Nadu in small a scale. If pearl oyster farming is developed in India, we will be able to meet our own domestic demand and also export to Japan and other countries.
Seaweed contributes nearly 30 per cent to world aquaculture production. About one-third of seaweed resources of the Indian Ocean is along the Indian coast. However, India has not done anything to exploit this resource.
India's potential for export of ornamental fishes and plants is unlimited but our export has so far been negligible. A survey has been conducted in Lakshadweep and Andaman islands and North-East hill states. About 100 varieties of marine ornamental fishes in Lakshadweep, 90 varieties in Andaman and 53 species in north-east hill states have been identified. The North-East hill states are found to hold very rich resources for freshwater aquarium, fishes and pla11ts.
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
Blue Revolution
Blue Revolution The term 'blue revolution' is used to describe the adoption of a package of methods by which fish production has been increased substantially in India since independence. The term was coined after the success of the Green Revolution which signified enormous increase in grain output.
After independence, the fisheries industry, particularly the marine sector, has witnessed a massive transformation from the traditional and subsistence type enterprise to a market-driven multi-crore industry equipped with essential infrastructures. During the past five decades the marine fisheries production has increased manifold through successive stages, mainly due to the adoption of synthetic fibres in lieu of natural fibres in gear fabrication, introduction of mechanical trawlers in the 1950s, adoption of techniques like mass harvesting gear, the purse seine in the fishing grounds of south-west coastal region in the 1980s, mechanisation of country-made crafts and the subsequent app1ication of innovative gears on a wide scale.
There has been a substantial increase in the total fish production in India.
The fisheries sector has been one of the major contributors of foreign exchange earnings through export. Export of fish and fishery products has grown manifold over the years.
After independence, the fisheries industry, particularly the marine sector, has witnessed a massive transformation from the traditional and subsistence type enterprise to a market-driven multi-crore industry equipped with essential infrastructures. During the past five decades the marine fisheries production has increased manifold through successive stages, mainly due to the adoption of synthetic fibres in lieu of natural fibres in gear fabrication, introduction of mechanical trawlers in the 1950s, adoption of techniques like mass harvesting gear, the purse seine in the fishing grounds of south-west coastal region in the 1980s, mechanisation of country-made crafts and the subsequent app1ication of innovative gears on a wide scale.
There has been a substantial increase in the total fish production in India.
The fisheries sector has been one of the major contributors of foreign exchange earnings through export. Export of fish and fishery products has grown manifold over the years.
Distribution and Production
Distribution and Production Though almost every state and union territory in India has some fish production, nearly 97 per cent of the country's total production of marine fish and 77 per cent of inland water fish is raised in Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Gujarat. Only a small production is accounted for by the land-locked states.
Kerala Kerala is the foremost fish producing state in India, contributing about one-fifth of the country's total fish production. Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kozhikode, Beypore, Azhikode, Ponnani, Kannur, Baliapatnam and Vizhinjam are leading centres of fish production. Besides these, there are over 250 villages studded along the 590-km-long coastline. Oil sardines, prawns, horse mackerel, soles, lactarius and shark are the most important marine fisheries. The inland fisheries abound in prawns, barbus, darius, mullet, etroplus and murrels.
About 60 per cent of the total fish production is consume, within the state.
Karnataka produces about 9 per cent of India's tota production of fish. Mangalore, Karwar, Ankola, Kumta Honawar, Bhatkal, Majali, Bingi are the leading centres oj production. Sardines, mackerel, seer, sharks and prawns arE among the principal fish varieties caught. Inland fishing is most intensive in the creeks of Netravati, Sharavati and Kali rivers.
Maharashtra contributes about 12 per cent to the annual total output of fish. Mumbai, Ratnagiri, Alibag. Kolaba and Bassein are leading centres of .production. Indian salmon, Bombay duck, white pomfret, black pomfret. jew fish, tunnies, grey mullet, mackerel, eel and shark are the chief varieties of fish of off-coast Maharashtra. Estuarine fisheries have been developed in Mahim and other creeks.
Gujarat with over 45 important fishing ports and a large number of fishing villages studded along the coast, contributes about 9 per cent of India's total fish production. Kandla, Porbandar, Dwarka, Jafferabad and Umbergaon are the leading centres of fish production in the state. Bombay duck, pomfret, jew fish, Indian salmon, tunnies, grey mullet, mackerel, eel and shark are among the principal varieties of fish caught.
Andhra Pradesh is the largest marine fish producing state along the east coast, contributing about ten per cent to the total annual output of fish. Visakhapatnam, Masulipatnam and Kakinada are the largest centres of fish production. Oil sardine, mackerel, silver bellies, ribbon fish, catfish are among the important fish vat:ieties caught.
Most of the production in West Bengal and Orissa is of the inland fish. The contribution of these two states to the total national production of fish is just two per cent. Pomfret, bhetti, mackerel, prawn, topsi, hilsa, chanda, bhola, Bombay duck, rock cod and phasa are among the prominent fish varieties caught. The brackish waters of the Chilka lake in Orissa and the mouth of Ganga in West Bengal represent some of the most intensely fished areas. The per capita consumption of fish in West Bengal is one of the highest in India.
Fishing is common in almost every village along the coast and around the creeks of the Zuari, Mandovi, Sal and Arachol rivers in Goa. Mackerel, pomfret, shrimp, sardine, prawn are among the principal varieties caught. Marmagao is the largest centre of fis,h production in Goa.
Tamil Nadu has a long coast line of about 1,000 km facilitating the production of fish on large scale. Tamil Na.du's contribution to the total national output of fish is about 21 per cent. Chennai is the largest centre of fish production in the state. Tuticorn, Ennore, Cuddalore, Mandapam and Nagapattinam are the other important fish production centres. Mackerel, silver bellies, ribbon fish, catfish and soles are the main varieties of marine fish caught.
The Ganga and its tributaries form major inland fisheries in Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Besides these rivers, there are a large number of jheels, ponds and tanks in these states where fish are caught in a sizeable proportion. Carp varieties such as Labeo rohita, Labeo calbasu, Labeo gOl1ius, mrigala and catla, minor carps and minnow are the main types of fish caught. In Punjab. Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, the Satluj, Ravi and Beas and host of other small rivers and reservoirs are leading fishing grounds. The Brahmaputra river supports a rich fishery in Assam, though it is not yet fully exploited. Carps, catfish, hi/sa are the chief varieties of fish found.
Kerala Kerala is the foremost fish producing state in India, contributing about one-fifth of the country's total fish production. Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kozhikode, Beypore, Azhikode, Ponnani, Kannur, Baliapatnam and Vizhinjam are leading centres of fish production. Besides these, there are over 250 villages studded along the 590-km-long coastline. Oil sardines, prawns, horse mackerel, soles, lactarius and shark are the most important marine fisheries. The inland fisheries abound in prawns, barbus, darius, mullet, etroplus and murrels.
About 60 per cent of the total fish production is consume, within the state.
Karnataka produces about 9 per cent of India's tota production of fish. Mangalore, Karwar, Ankola, Kumta Honawar, Bhatkal, Majali, Bingi are the leading centres oj production. Sardines, mackerel, seer, sharks and prawns arE among the principal fish varieties caught. Inland fishing is most intensive in the creeks of Netravati, Sharavati and Kali rivers.
Maharashtra contributes about 12 per cent to the annual total output of fish. Mumbai, Ratnagiri, Alibag. Kolaba and Bassein are leading centres of .production. Indian salmon, Bombay duck, white pomfret, black pomfret. jew fish, tunnies, grey mullet, mackerel, eel and shark are the chief varieties of fish of off-coast Maharashtra. Estuarine fisheries have been developed in Mahim and other creeks.
Gujarat with over 45 important fishing ports and a large number of fishing villages studded along the coast, contributes about 9 per cent of India's total fish production. Kandla, Porbandar, Dwarka, Jafferabad and Umbergaon are the leading centres of fish production in the state. Bombay duck, pomfret, jew fish, Indian salmon, tunnies, grey mullet, mackerel, eel and shark are among the principal varieties of fish caught.
Andhra Pradesh is the largest marine fish producing state along the east coast, contributing about ten per cent to the total annual output of fish. Visakhapatnam, Masulipatnam and Kakinada are the largest centres of fish production. Oil sardine, mackerel, silver bellies, ribbon fish, catfish are among the important fish vat:ieties caught.
Most of the production in West Bengal and Orissa is of the inland fish. The contribution of these two states to the total national production of fish is just two per cent. Pomfret, bhetti, mackerel, prawn, topsi, hilsa, chanda, bhola, Bombay duck, rock cod and phasa are among the prominent fish varieties caught. The brackish waters of the Chilka lake in Orissa and the mouth of Ganga in West Bengal represent some of the most intensely fished areas. The per capita consumption of fish in West Bengal is one of the highest in India.
Fishing is common in almost every village along the coast and around the creeks of the Zuari, Mandovi, Sal and Arachol rivers in Goa. Mackerel, pomfret, shrimp, sardine, prawn are among the principal varieties caught. Marmagao is the largest centre of fis,h production in Goa.
Tamil Nadu has a long coast line of about 1,000 km facilitating the production of fish on large scale. Tamil Na.du's contribution to the total national output of fish is about 21 per cent. Chennai is the largest centre of fish production in the state. Tuticorn, Ennore, Cuddalore, Mandapam and Nagapattinam are the other important fish production centres. Mackerel, silver bellies, ribbon fish, catfish and soles are the main varieties of marine fish caught.
The Ganga and its tributaries form major inland fisheries in Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Besides these rivers, there are a large number of jheels, ponds and tanks in these states where fish are caught in a sizeable proportion. Carp varieties such as Labeo rohita, Labeo calbasu, Labeo gOl1ius, mrigala and catla, minor carps and minnow are the main types of fish caught. In Punjab. Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, the Satluj, Ravi and Beas and host of other small rivers and reservoirs are leading fishing grounds. The Brahmaputra river supports a rich fishery in Assam, though it is not yet fully exploited. Carps, catfish, hi/sa are the chief varieties of fish found.
Types of Fisheries
Types More than 1,800 distinct species of fish are known to exist in India. However, very few varieties are caught in appreciable quantities. The major forms of fisheries in India are as follows.
(i) Marine Fisheries Accounting for about 63 per cent of the total annual production of fish and being confined to coastal waters in the west from Kutch, Malabar coast to Coromandal coast in the east, they are spread over narrow belts of continental shelf and slope running to 5,600 km with a total fishable area of about 2,81,600 sq km. They lie between the coast and 200 m limit. More than 75 per cent of the total marine fish are from west coast. Higher phsosphate and nitrate content results in greater plankton productivity. Major fishes are sardines, mackerel and prawns. On the eastern coast, the important fishes are horse mackerels, dupeoids and silver bellies Off-shore and deep sea fishing which accounts for a small production of marine fish in the country has not been developed fully so far in India. Deep sea fishing consists of fishing in off-shore and the high seas for surface, midwater and bottom forms of fish.
(ii) Freshwater or Inland Fishery Freshwater fishery is carried on in rivers, canals, irrigation channels, tanks, ponds, lakes, etc. About 37 per cent of the country's total fish production comes from inland fisheries. Freshwater fishery can be divided into two categories. Pond fisheries suitable for quick growing fishes with non-predacious feeding habit. Examples are catla, rohita, kalabasil, mringal, mullets, carp, etc. The other is riverine fisheries. About onethird of the total fish production in India comes from rivers. Such fishing is very active during winter season when floods usually subside. During rainy season fishing is poor. River fish: catla, mringal, hilsa, etc. West Bengal, Bihar and Assam are important states.
(iii) Estuarine Fisheries This is confined to estuaries, backwaters, tidal estuaries, lagoons, inundated areas and swamps along the entire coast, that is, important estuarine areas of the Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Narmada and Tapi, the brackish water lakes of Chilka and Pulicat, and the backwaters of Kerala. Prawn is an important variety.
(iv) The Pearl Fisheries Areas are usually on the ridges or rocks or dead corals forming extensive pearl banks at a depth of 18-22 m. The distance from the shore is about 20 km. Pearls of high value area obtained from pearloysters. Principal centres are the Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch and Palk Bay and around Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are a state monopoly.
(i) Marine Fisheries Accounting for about 63 per cent of the total annual production of fish and being confined to coastal waters in the west from Kutch, Malabar coast to Coromandal coast in the east, they are spread over narrow belts of continental shelf and slope running to 5,600 km with a total fishable area of about 2,81,600 sq km. They lie between the coast and 200 m limit. More than 75 per cent of the total marine fish are from west coast. Higher phsosphate and nitrate content results in greater plankton productivity. Major fishes are sardines, mackerel and prawns. On the eastern coast, the important fishes are horse mackerels, dupeoids and silver bellies Off-shore and deep sea fishing which accounts for a small production of marine fish in the country has not been developed fully so far in India. Deep sea fishing consists of fishing in off-shore and the high seas for surface, midwater and bottom forms of fish.
(ii) Freshwater or Inland Fishery Freshwater fishery is carried on in rivers, canals, irrigation channels, tanks, ponds, lakes, etc. About 37 per cent of the country's total fish production comes from inland fisheries. Freshwater fishery can be divided into two categories. Pond fisheries suitable for quick growing fishes with non-predacious feeding habit. Examples are catla, rohita, kalabasil, mringal, mullets, carp, etc. The other is riverine fisheries. About onethird of the total fish production in India comes from rivers. Such fishing is very active during winter season when floods usually subside. During rainy season fishing is poor. River fish: catla, mringal, hilsa, etc. West Bengal, Bihar and Assam are important states.
(iii) Estuarine Fisheries This is confined to estuaries, backwaters, tidal estuaries, lagoons, inundated areas and swamps along the entire coast, that is, important estuarine areas of the Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Narmada and Tapi, the brackish water lakes of Chilka and Pulicat, and the backwaters of Kerala. Prawn is an important variety.
(iv) The Pearl Fisheries Areas are usually on the ridges or rocks or dead corals forming extensive pearl banks at a depth of 18-22 m. The distance from the shore is about 20 km. Pearls of high value area obtained from pearloysters. Principal centres are the Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kutch and Palk Bay and around Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are a state monopoly.
OTHER MARINE PRODUCTS
OTHER MARINE PRODUCTS Sponges are to be found in warm tropical waters and amidst coral reefs. The fibrous skeletons of the marine animals that live at the bottom of shallow seas between 12 and 55 metres is used for various purposes. The jelly-like body is removed from the gathered sponges which are then thoroughly dried. The bulk of the world's natural sponges come from Key West, off Florida in the USA, and from the West Indian islands. Sponges are also collected on the coasts of the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, the Red Sea and in the South Pacific islands. In some places around the Gulf of Mexico, sponges are farmed by tying- seed sponges to weights and lowering . them to the shallow seabeds. When they become large enough, they are hooked up and sold.
Seaweeds of many species are used as food. They are of immense use in industry for making gelatine, glue paints, iodine and cosmetics. Seaweed is also a fertiliser. However, on.ly Japan has taken to commercial cultivation of seaweeds.
INDIAN FISHERIES Fisheries play an important role in the economy of India. India is the third largest producer of fish and second largest producer of inland fish in the world. The fisheries sector provides employment to over 11 million people engaged fully, partially or in subsidiary activities pertaining to the sector, with an equally impressive segment of the population engaged in ancillary activities. Fisheries help in augmenting food supply, generating employment, raising nutritional level and earning foreign exchange. Fish forms an important part of the diet of many people living in the coastal areas of Kerala, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Maharashtra.
India, with a long coastline of over 7,500 km, two million sq km of Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) and 1.2 million hectare of brackish water bodies, offers vast potential for development of fisheries. The potential yield of fisheries from available sources has been estimated at over 100 lakh tonnes a year. But the actual production of fish in India is still low as compared to the country's potential.
The consumption of fish is less in India mainly due to differences in the food habits of the people, the nonavailability of cheap fish in adequate quantities, the hot climate resulting in early deterioration of fish, etc.
Seaweeds of many species are used as food. They are of immense use in industry for making gelatine, glue paints, iodine and cosmetics. Seaweed is also a fertiliser. However, on.ly Japan has taken to commercial cultivation of seaweeds.
INDIAN FISHERIES Fisheries play an important role in the economy of India. India is the third largest producer of fish and second largest producer of inland fish in the world. The fisheries sector provides employment to over 11 million people engaged fully, partially or in subsidiary activities pertaining to the sector, with an equally impressive segment of the population engaged in ancillary activities. Fisheries help in augmenting food supply, generating employment, raising nutritional level and earning foreign exchange. Fish forms an important part of the diet of many people living in the coastal areas of Kerala, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Maharashtra.
India, with a long coastline of over 7,500 km, two million sq km of Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) and 1.2 million hectare of brackish water bodies, offers vast potential for development of fisheries. The potential yield of fisheries from available sources has been estimated at over 100 lakh tonnes a year. But the actual production of fish in India is still low as compared to the country's potential.
The consumption of fish is less in India mainly due to differences in the food habits of the people, the nonavailability of cheap fish in adequate quantities, the hot climate resulting in early deterioration of fish, etc.
WHALING, SEALING
WHALING The whale is the largest marine mammal. The toothed whales feed on fish, and include the Sperm Whales and Killer Whales, both now rare. The whalebone whales feed on krill (small shrimp-like animals) and plankton, and include the scarce Blue Whales (the largest animals on earth) and a number of smaller species. The Arctic and Antarctic waters are the homes of whales. The leading whaling waters nowadays is north Pacific, and the leading whaling nations are Japan and Russia. However, environmentalists are coming out strongly against killing whales, as they are becoming an endangered species.
SEALING The seal is an amphibian, and is hunted for its pelt or fur as well as for its oil. It is native to the Arctic and Antarctic shores where it preys on fish in the water. The main sealing nations are Canada, the USA, Greenland and Norway in the northern hemisphere and South Africa and Argentina in the southern hemisphere. Also of some commercial importance is the walrus whose skin, ivory and fat is used.]
PEARL FISHERY Pearls are derived mainly from oysters, though some species of mussels in both tropical and temperate seas may also contain pearls. High quality pearls come from the Persian Gulf, the tropical shores of Sri Lanka, Japan, western Australia, Queensland and northern Venezuela. Pearls are also produced in Mexico; the Gulf of California and wherever there are coral reefs. It was a Japanese, named Kokichi Mikimoto, who invented artificial or cultured pearls in 1913. Young oysters are first collected and grains of mother-of-pearl (the inner lining of oyster shells) are inserted into them. They are then placed in wire cages and lowered into shallow coastal waters. After about two to five years these oysters will be collected and the 'artificial pearls', which have form~d, will be extracted. Japanese pearl-culture industry is centred at Toba, southeastern Honshu.
SEALING The seal is an amphibian, and is hunted for its pelt or fur as well as for its oil. It is native to the Arctic and Antarctic shores where it preys on fish in the water. The main sealing nations are Canada, the USA, Greenland and Norway in the northern hemisphere and South Africa and Argentina in the southern hemisphere. Also of some commercial importance is the walrus whose skin, ivory and fat is used.]
PEARL FISHERY Pearls are derived mainly from oysters, though some species of mussels in both tropical and temperate seas may also contain pearls. High quality pearls come from the Persian Gulf, the tropical shores of Sri Lanka, Japan, western Australia, Queensland and northern Venezuela. Pearls are also produced in Mexico; the Gulf of California and wherever there are coral reefs. It was a Japanese, named Kokichi Mikimoto, who invented artificial or cultured pearls in 1913. Young oysters are first collected and grains of mother-of-pearl (the inner lining of oyster shells) are inserted into them. They are then placed in wire cages and lowered into shallow coastal waters. After about two to five years these oysters will be collected and the 'artificial pearls', which have form~d, will be extracted. Japanese pearl-culture industry is centred at Toba, southeastern Honshu.
MAJOR FISHING GROUNDS OF THE WORLD
MAJOR FISHING GROUNDS OF THE WORLD The major commercial fishing grounds are located in the cool waters of the northern hemisphere in comparatively high. latitudes. Commercial fishing is little developed in the tropics or in the southern hemisphere. The best fiShing grounds are found above continental shelves which are not more than 200 metres below the water surface, where plankton of all kinds are most abundant. The world's most extensive continental shelves are located in high or midlatitudes in' the northern hemisphere, e.g., the 'banks' off Newfoundland, the North Sea and the continental shelf off north-western Europe, and the Sea of Japan.
Plankton are in plentiful supply in polar waters, at the meeting of cold and warm ocean currents as on the Newfoundland 'banks' and the Sea of Japan, or where cold water from the ocean floor wells up to the surface as it does off the west coast of South America. The continental shelves of the tropics are relatively less rich in plankton because the water is warm.
Marine life is found to be best developed in oceans with a temperature lower than 20°C. Both the Atlantic and Pacific coastlines of the middle and high latitudes in" the northern hemisphere are very much indented and are backed by strong relief. There are sheltered inlets and estuarine coasts that make ideal sites for fishing ports and villages.
More than half of the annual fish catch comes from the cold and temperate waters of the northern hemisphere. The Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans each account for about 40 per cent of the total, the Indian Ocean 4 per cent, while freshwater fishing amounts to about 15 per cent of the total. Amongst the fishing nations, Japan leads: Russia, Chinar Norway and the USA are also important.
The North-East Atlantic Region extends from Iceland to the Mediterranean shores. Here, pelagic, demersal and inshore fishing are all done on a highly organised basis by the European countries, such as Norway, Denmark, Spain, Iceland and the UK. Fishing goes on all round the year in the shallow waters of the North Sea, the most vigorously exploited area being the Dogger Bank. The busiest fishing season is spring, and the principal fish caught are herring, cod a/1d mackerel. The region is the greatest fish-exporting region of the world. In terms of tonnage of fish landed by European countries, Norway leads and Denmark takes second place, followed by Spain, Iceland and Britain.
The North-West Atlantic Region extends from Newfoundland to the New England states of the USA. Traditionally the world's richest cod-fishing region (though catches have declined as a result of overfishing), this region borders Canada and the United States. Fishing and marine industries are an important sector of the economy of seashore provin<:es of Canada, such as Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Fishing provides employment for the vast majority of the population in Newfoundland.
The north-west Atlantic has a large continental shelf which provides a good breeding ground for fish. Off Newfoundland, at about-latitude 45 oN to 55 oN, the cold Labrador Current and the warm Gulf Stream converge. The icebergs that come south on the Labrador Current bring minerals from the land on which plankton thrive. The cool temperate climate not only favours large-scale commercial fishing, but also the preservation and storage of fish.
Modern canning and refrigerating facilities have greatly helped the fish export trade to progress.
The North-East Pacific Region adjoining the western shores of North America from Alaska to California, form another prosperous fishing region. Many fish inhabit the seas along its highly irregular and indented coastline. Salmon is the most valuable fish caught, and is mostly exported in canned form. In the warmer waters off the California coast, tuna and sardine are important. Large quantities of crabs, shrimps and oysters are also caught for the North American market. Catches in the north-east Pacific by the USA and Canada are smaller than those by Japan and Russia.
The North-West Pacific Region extends from the Bering Sea to the East China Sea. It is the world's greatest fishing region. Japan leads in catch, followed by China, South and North Koreas, and eastern Russia. Within the enclosed seas, e.g., the Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea and the East China Sea are found intensive forms of inshore as well as deep-sea fishing. There are probably more people engaged in fishing here than in any other part of the world. Commercial fishing is best developed in Japan where the industry is very highly organised and modern fishing methods are in use.
Other regions of fishing are not so important. But off Peru and Chile the upwelling cold waters of the Humboldt Current create good conditions of plankton development, even though the continental shelf is narrow. Fish, partin! larly anchovies, are found in good numbers. Peru was om the world's leading fishing nation but catches have decijned The bulk of the fish caught is not eaten but is usel!ln- th( manufacture of fertilisers. Another of Peru's traditional industries is the collection of guano from off-shore islands which is based on the same factors. The abundant fish form the food supply for the sea-birds whose guano is collected. The peninsulas and islands of South-East Asia surround a broad continental shelf, the Sunda Shelf. Here fishing is still on a small scale but considerable potential for expansion exists.
Plankton are in plentiful supply in polar waters, at the meeting of cold and warm ocean currents as on the Newfoundland 'banks' and the Sea of Japan, or where cold water from the ocean floor wells up to the surface as it does off the west coast of South America. The continental shelves of the tropics are relatively less rich in plankton because the water is warm.
Marine life is found to be best developed in oceans with a temperature lower than 20°C. Both the Atlantic and Pacific coastlines of the middle and high latitudes in" the northern hemisphere are very much indented and are backed by strong relief. There are sheltered inlets and estuarine coasts that make ideal sites for fishing ports and villages.
More than half of the annual fish catch comes from the cold and temperate waters of the northern hemisphere. The Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans each account for about 40 per cent of the total, the Indian Ocean 4 per cent, while freshwater fishing amounts to about 15 per cent of the total. Amongst the fishing nations, Japan leads: Russia, Chinar Norway and the USA are also important.
The North-East Atlantic Region extends from Iceland to the Mediterranean shores. Here, pelagic, demersal and inshore fishing are all done on a highly organised basis by the European countries, such as Norway, Denmark, Spain, Iceland and the UK. Fishing goes on all round the year in the shallow waters of the North Sea, the most vigorously exploited area being the Dogger Bank. The busiest fishing season is spring, and the principal fish caught are herring, cod a/1d mackerel. The region is the greatest fish-exporting region of the world. In terms of tonnage of fish landed by European countries, Norway leads and Denmark takes second place, followed by Spain, Iceland and Britain.
The North-West Atlantic Region extends from Newfoundland to the New England states of the USA. Traditionally the world's richest cod-fishing region (though catches have declined as a result of overfishing), this region borders Canada and the United States. Fishing and marine industries are an important sector of the economy of seashore provin<:es of Canada, such as Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Fishing provides employment for the vast majority of the population in Newfoundland.
The north-west Atlantic has a large continental shelf which provides a good breeding ground for fish. Off Newfoundland, at about-latitude 45 oN to 55 oN, the cold Labrador Current and the warm Gulf Stream converge. The icebergs that come south on the Labrador Current bring minerals from the land on which plankton thrive. The cool temperate climate not only favours large-scale commercial fishing, but also the preservation and storage of fish.
Modern canning and refrigerating facilities have greatly helped the fish export trade to progress.
The North-East Pacific Region adjoining the western shores of North America from Alaska to California, form another prosperous fishing region. Many fish inhabit the seas along its highly irregular and indented coastline. Salmon is the most valuable fish caught, and is mostly exported in canned form. In the warmer waters off the California coast, tuna and sardine are important. Large quantities of crabs, shrimps and oysters are also caught for the North American market. Catches in the north-east Pacific by the USA and Canada are smaller than those by Japan and Russia.
The North-West Pacific Region extends from the Bering Sea to the East China Sea. It is the world's greatest fishing region. Japan leads in catch, followed by China, South and North Koreas, and eastern Russia. Within the enclosed seas, e.g., the Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea and the East China Sea are found intensive forms of inshore as well as deep-sea fishing. There are probably more people engaged in fishing here than in any other part of the world. Commercial fishing is best developed in Japan where the industry is very highly organised and modern fishing methods are in use.
Other regions of fishing are not so important. But off Peru and Chile the upwelling cold waters of the Humboldt Current create good conditions of plankton development, even though the continental shelf is narrow. Fish, partin! larly anchovies, are found in good numbers. Peru was om the world's leading fishing nation but catches have decijned The bulk of the fish caught is not eaten but is usel!ln- th( manufacture of fertilisers. Another of Peru's traditional industries is the collection of guano from off-shore islands which is based on the same factors. The abundant fish form the food supply for the sea-birds whose guano is collected. The peninsulas and islands of South-East Asia surround a broad continental shelf, the Sunda Shelf. Here fishing is still on a small scale but considerable potential for expansion exists.
FISHERY
FISHERY
Human beings have made use of the aquatic animals of the seas or inland waters for long, and 'fishing' is the term applied for such exploitation of all kinds of aquatic animals. Fish are useful as a source of food, and raw material for fertilisers, lubricants and the cosmetic industry. Nowadays fishery includes the harvesting of other sea products such as pearls, crustaceans, whales, seals, molluscs and seaweeds. However, not all areas of the ocean abound in fish; factors affecting the productivity of the seas are the depth of the water, the ocean c\,lrrents, the temperature and salinity.
Of the annual world fish catch, Asia accounts for over 40 per cent; Europe (including Russia) over 30 per cent; North America, 10 per cent, and the rest of the world the remaining amount. Annual fish consumption per capita is highest in Portugal and Japan.
SPECIES Two main types of fish are saltwater fish which spend their entire lives in the oceans and seas (and form the largest group) and freshwater fish which are found in inland streams, rivers and lakes. Some are anadromous fish, which are spawned in the inland rivers, but spend most of their lives in the seas and only return to the rivers to spawn and to die.
Salt Water Fish The most numerous is the herring. By weight herring is the most important catch of the North Atlantic region. It is also the chief fish caught in Japan and China. Herring are pelagic fish (Le., living near the surface) and are found in large shoals. The mackerel, another pelagic fish, is often found to the south of the areas dominated by herring, Le., in the Mediterranean Sea, off southern Scandinavia, off Cornwall (Britain), in the waters of Carolina (USA) and in the Yellow Sea. At night they are striking for the distinct glow they throw on the surface water. Other pelagic fish caught in abundance in most temperate waters are sardines (derived from the Italian island of Sardinia),
pilchards, brisling and anchovies. Menhaden is a pelagic fish that is now caught for its value in making fish-meal and fertiliser.
The most important of the demersal fish (Le., living at the bottom of the sea) is the cod, which, in terms of value, is more important than herring. It is found in the North Sea, off Norway and Iceland and on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland. The other demersal fish or white fish include the haddock which is quite important in the North Atlantic; the halibut which is caught chiefly off British Columbia and north-western USA; and the hake. The tuna or tunny is a large member of the mackerel family, found in the deep seas and oceans. It is caught off Japan and in the Indian Ocean and also in the eastern Pacific where California leads in catch.
Freshwater Fish Commercially, freshwater fish are less important than sea fish.
In North America and Europe, freshwater fishing for trout, perch, pike or salmon in rivers and lakes is a part-time occupation or hobby. Inland fishing is important in the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, and in East Asia. The sturgeon, prized for its flesh as well as its roe (eggs), is fished chiefly in the Caspian Sea. In China and Japan, inland fishing in rivers, lakes and paddy fields is extremely important. Fish farming is quite common. The chief species is the carp. In India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, inland fishing is also important. One-third to one-half of the total catch of these countries comes from inland fishing.
Anadromous Fish The salmon is the most important of the anadromous fish, and is extensively fished in North America, particularly from Alaska to Oregon on the Pacific coast. They travel in large numbers over long distances, but have the instinct to find their original breeding ground. The greatest haul of salwon comes from Alaska.
Human beings have made use of the aquatic animals of the seas or inland waters for long, and 'fishing' is the term applied for such exploitation of all kinds of aquatic animals. Fish are useful as a source of food, and raw material for fertilisers, lubricants and the cosmetic industry. Nowadays fishery includes the harvesting of other sea products such as pearls, crustaceans, whales, seals, molluscs and seaweeds. However, not all areas of the ocean abound in fish; factors affecting the productivity of the seas are the depth of the water, the ocean c\,lrrents, the temperature and salinity.
Of the annual world fish catch, Asia accounts for over 40 per cent; Europe (including Russia) over 30 per cent; North America, 10 per cent, and the rest of the world the remaining amount. Annual fish consumption per capita is highest in Portugal and Japan.
SPECIES Two main types of fish are saltwater fish which spend their entire lives in the oceans and seas (and form the largest group) and freshwater fish which are found in inland streams, rivers and lakes. Some are anadromous fish, which are spawned in the inland rivers, but spend most of their lives in the seas and only return to the rivers to spawn and to die.
Salt Water Fish The most numerous is the herring. By weight herring is the most important catch of the North Atlantic region. It is also the chief fish caught in Japan and China. Herring are pelagic fish (Le., living near the surface) and are found in large shoals. The mackerel, another pelagic fish, is often found to the south of the areas dominated by herring, Le., in the Mediterranean Sea, off southern Scandinavia, off Cornwall (Britain), in the waters of Carolina (USA) and in the Yellow Sea. At night they are striking for the distinct glow they throw on the surface water. Other pelagic fish caught in abundance in most temperate waters are sardines (derived from the Italian island of Sardinia),
pilchards, brisling and anchovies. Menhaden is a pelagic fish that is now caught for its value in making fish-meal and fertiliser.
The most important of the demersal fish (Le., living at the bottom of the sea) is the cod, which, in terms of value, is more important than herring. It is found in the North Sea, off Norway and Iceland and on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland. The other demersal fish or white fish include the haddock which is quite important in the North Atlantic; the halibut which is caught chiefly off British Columbia and north-western USA; and the hake. The tuna or tunny is a large member of the mackerel family, found in the deep seas and oceans. It is caught off Japan and in the Indian Ocean and also in the eastern Pacific where California leads in catch.
Freshwater Fish Commercially, freshwater fish are less important than sea fish.
In North America and Europe, freshwater fishing for trout, perch, pike or salmon in rivers and lakes is a part-time occupation or hobby. Inland fishing is important in the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, and in East Asia. The sturgeon, prized for its flesh as well as its roe (eggs), is fished chiefly in the Caspian Sea. In China and Japan, inland fishing in rivers, lakes and paddy fields is extremely important. Fish farming is quite common. The chief species is the carp. In India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, inland fishing is also important. One-third to one-half of the total catch of these countries comes from inland fishing.
Anadromous Fish The salmon is the most important of the anadromous fish, and is extensively fished in North America, particularly from Alaska to Oregon on the Pacific coast. They travel in large numbers over long distances, but have the instinct to find their original breeding ground. The greatest haul of salwon comes from Alaska.
ANIMAL PRODUCTS
ANIMAL PRODUCTS
WOOL Wool is a long-known animal fibre. It is the long, curly hair of the sheep. Wool may be of three major types. The Merino sheep, which comes from Spain and North Africa, yields the finest wool of long staple length. It is used in making high-quality worsteds and knotting yarns. These sheep are reared mainly in the drier, warmer regions of temperate latitudes. Carpet wools are coarser, thicker and more variable in quality than either merino or crossbred wools. They are derived from more marginal sheep-rearing areas, such as India, Iran, and Ethiopia. Cross-bred wool is the medium grade, a little coarser than merino wool, but quite suitable for clothing. It is produced from sheep cross-bred with merino, or other breeds, and in areas of higher rainfall and rich pastures.
There are certain other animal fibres which are called wool though strictly speaking they are not true wool. The long silky hair of angora goats are used to make high quality woollen goods. These goats originated in Asia Minor, where they are still kept. They have also been introduced into South Africa, which is now the major producer of mohair, the wool derived from the angora. The soft downy hair of Kashmir goats (pashmilla) is produced in the western Himalayas and is used for making cashmere shawls and other high-quality knitted garments. The fine, soft hair of the alpaca and vicuna, animals related to the llama and native to the Andean plateaux of South America, is also highly valued, especially for coats. Camelhair has long been used among the desert peoples to make heavy, durable textiles. The major commercial producer of camel-hair is China.
Wool production is best in a warm, rather dry climate. Temperate regions are better than tropical ones for sheep rearing, because in hot climates the sheep produce short, coarse wool. Sheep do well in well-drained land. Damp ground and wet conditions encourage diseases such as footrot, or allow the spread of parasites such as liver fluke.
New Zealand and Australia are leading wool producers. Kirghizia is the world's third largest wool producer. Kazakhstan, South Africa, Argentina are large producers. Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, India, Syria and Morocco are ancient sheep-rearing areas and have had woollen textile industries for long. Indian wool is mostly coarse and used in the manufacture of carpets and coarse blankets.
SERICULTURE Silk is considered an animal fibre, since it is derived from the cocoon of a moth. It is a continuous filament, and thus it has more in common with synthetic textiles. It was in China that the art of making textiles from silk was discovered around 2,500 BC. The process gradually spread to Japan and India in the third and fourth centuries AD. Knowledge of the process only reached Europe in the sixth century AD. Silk is derived from the caterpillar of certain moths. The most important of these moths is the Bombyx mori, called the Mulberry Spinner because it feeds on the leaves of the mulberry tree. Sericulture is the breeding of silkworms. Each cQcoon. may contain up to 3 km (2 miles) of silk filament, and this must be very carefully unwound. The cocoons are put into hot water to remove the gummy coating and the filaments are then reeled.
As the threads of raw silk are too fine for textile manufacture, they are usually doubled or thrown to produce a stronger and thicker fibre. Sericulture is largely confined to subtropical regions as the silkworm cannot survive in temperatures lower than 16°C. The leading producers are China, India, Japan and South Korea. The only non-Asian producer of any significance is Brazil.
In India, sericulture is included under cottage industry. The two sectors of sericulture are mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing. Mulberry for the production of cocoons is raised as bushes in regular fields in the multivotine (breed) areas of Kamataka, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jharkhand and Bihar. A pound of worms may consume a tonne of 'mulberry leaves in a year. The muga, tasar and eri are reared on leaves like castor, oak, asan and ~~ .
India is the world's second largest producer and exporter of silk. Chief producers are Kamataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh and Assam.
Tasar silk is mainly produced by the tribal people of Madhya Pradesh (including Chhattisgarh), Bihar (including Jharkhand) and Orissa. Madhya Pradesh (including Chhattisgarh) alone produces about 55 per cent of tasar silk of the country, while Bihar (including Jharkhand) accounts for about 34 per cent of the total production of tasar silk.
Muga silk is grown exclusively in Assam. Sibsagar, Dibrugarh and south-west Kamrup districts of Assam are famous for muga silk. Assam is also a leading producer
of eri silk accounting for about 90 per cent of the tot, production of eri silk in the country. Assam is the bigge! non-mulberry state in India producing about 65 per cer of the total non-mulberry silk production.
HIDES, SKINS AND FURS The skins of most of th domesticated animals including cattle, sheep, goats, horse and pigs are important sources of leather. Certain wile animals are also hunted or trapped for their skins or fun The hides and skins used in leather-making come mostl: from the countries where animal farming is on a large scalE including the USA, Argentina, Brazil, New Zealand, and South Africa. But in some countries, such as Brazil or India, where the cattle and other animal population is large but where poor pasturage and disease a~versely affect the quality and quantity of milk or meat, a major source of income comes through the production of hides.
The fur-bearing animals with long, fine fur are found mainly in the cold regions, especially in the coniferous forest belt of North America, Scandinavia and Russia. Some, such as the chinchilla, come from other regions, e.g., South America, Australia. Fur farms are found in the USA, Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia. The most important furbearing animals are the beaver, mink, otter, fox, muskrat and squirrel. Furs are also obtained from racoon, skunk, marten, sable, and rabbit. The main animals raised for furs on fur farms include mink, chinchilla, and silver fox. The USA, Canada, Russia, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Australia are the major fur producing countries.
WOOL Wool is a long-known animal fibre. It is the long, curly hair of the sheep. Wool may be of three major types. The Merino sheep, which comes from Spain and North Africa, yields the finest wool of long staple length. It is used in making high-quality worsteds and knotting yarns. These sheep are reared mainly in the drier, warmer regions of temperate latitudes. Carpet wools are coarser, thicker and more variable in quality than either merino or crossbred wools. They are derived from more marginal sheep-rearing areas, such as India, Iran, and Ethiopia. Cross-bred wool is the medium grade, a little coarser than merino wool, but quite suitable for clothing. It is produced from sheep cross-bred with merino, or other breeds, and in areas of higher rainfall and rich pastures.
There are certain other animal fibres which are called wool though strictly speaking they are not true wool. The long silky hair of angora goats are used to make high quality woollen goods. These goats originated in Asia Minor, where they are still kept. They have also been introduced into South Africa, which is now the major producer of mohair, the wool derived from the angora. The soft downy hair of Kashmir goats (pashmilla) is produced in the western Himalayas and is used for making cashmere shawls and other high-quality knitted garments. The fine, soft hair of the alpaca and vicuna, animals related to the llama and native to the Andean plateaux of South America, is also highly valued, especially for coats. Camelhair has long been used among the desert peoples to make heavy, durable textiles. The major commercial producer of camel-hair is China.
Wool production is best in a warm, rather dry climate. Temperate regions are better than tropical ones for sheep rearing, because in hot climates the sheep produce short, coarse wool. Sheep do well in well-drained land. Damp ground and wet conditions encourage diseases such as footrot, or allow the spread of parasites such as liver fluke.
New Zealand and Australia are leading wool producers. Kirghizia is the world's third largest wool producer. Kazakhstan, South Africa, Argentina are large producers. Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, India, Syria and Morocco are ancient sheep-rearing areas and have had woollen textile industries for long. Indian wool is mostly coarse and used in the manufacture of carpets and coarse blankets.
SERICULTURE Silk is considered an animal fibre, since it is derived from the cocoon of a moth. It is a continuous filament, and thus it has more in common with synthetic textiles. It was in China that the art of making textiles from silk was discovered around 2,500 BC. The process gradually spread to Japan and India in the third and fourth centuries AD. Knowledge of the process only reached Europe in the sixth century AD. Silk is derived from the caterpillar of certain moths. The most important of these moths is the Bombyx mori, called the Mulberry Spinner because it feeds on the leaves of the mulberry tree. Sericulture is the breeding of silkworms. Each cQcoon. may contain up to 3 km (2 miles) of silk filament, and this must be very carefully unwound. The cocoons are put into hot water to remove the gummy coating and the filaments are then reeled.
As the threads of raw silk are too fine for textile manufacture, they are usually doubled or thrown to produce a stronger and thicker fibre. Sericulture is largely confined to subtropical regions as the silkworm cannot survive in temperatures lower than 16°C. The leading producers are China, India, Japan and South Korea. The only non-Asian producer of any significance is Brazil.
In India, sericulture is included under cottage industry. The two sectors of sericulture are mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing. Mulberry for the production of cocoons is raised as bushes in regular fields in the multivotine (breed) areas of Kamataka, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jharkhand and Bihar. A pound of worms may consume a tonne of 'mulberry leaves in a year. The muga, tasar and eri are reared on leaves like castor, oak, asan and ~~ .
India is the world's second largest producer and exporter of silk. Chief producers are Kamataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh and Assam.
Tasar silk is mainly produced by the tribal people of Madhya Pradesh (including Chhattisgarh), Bihar (including Jharkhand) and Orissa. Madhya Pradesh (including Chhattisgarh) alone produces about 55 per cent of tasar silk of the country, while Bihar (including Jharkhand) accounts for about 34 per cent of the total production of tasar silk.
Muga silk is grown exclusively in Assam. Sibsagar, Dibrugarh and south-west Kamrup districts of Assam are famous for muga silk. Assam is also a leading producer
of eri silk accounting for about 90 per cent of the tot, production of eri silk in the country. Assam is the bigge! non-mulberry state in India producing about 65 per cer of the total non-mulberry silk production.
HIDES, SKINS AND FURS The skins of most of th domesticated animals including cattle, sheep, goats, horse and pigs are important sources of leather. Certain wile animals are also hunted or trapped for their skins or fun The hides and skins used in leather-making come mostl: from the countries where animal farming is on a large scalE including the USA, Argentina, Brazil, New Zealand, and South Africa. But in some countries, such as Brazil or India, where the cattle and other animal population is large but where poor pasturage and disease a~versely affect the quality and quantity of milk or meat, a major source of income comes through the production of hides.
The fur-bearing animals with long, fine fur are found mainly in the cold regions, especially in the coniferous forest belt of North America, Scandinavia and Russia. Some, such as the chinchilla, come from other regions, e.g., South America, Australia. Fur farms are found in the USA, Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia. The most important furbearing animals are the beaver, mink, otter, fox, muskrat and squirrel. Furs are also obtained from racoon, skunk, marten, sable, and rabbit. The main animals raised for furs on fur farms include mink, chinchilla, and silver fox. The USA, Canada, Russia, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Australia are the major fur producing countries.
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND POULTRY
DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND POULTRY
BACTERIAL DISEASES The main diseases caused by bacteria are as follows.
Anthrax (splenic fever) affects cattle, causing swelling on the body and neck. It reduces milk secretion. Sick animals should be isolated and others should be vaccinated. Bodies of diseased animals should be burnt.
Tuberculosis of cattle is transmitted to man also, through milk. The bacteria affects many parts of the body but mainly the lungs. Treatment is by suitable antibiotics and vaccination.
Mastitis is indicated by swollen udders and watery milk with clots. Different types of antibiotics are administered as a cure.
Brucellosis affects cattle, sheep, pig, goat and even humans. It affects the reproductory organs, and causes abortions. Cows should be vaccinated against the disease.
Salmonellosis affects cattle, causes high temperature and diarrhoea with blood clots in it. It is spread by polluted river water. Vaccines are useful.
VIRAL DISEASES Major diseases caw~ed by viruses are:
Blue tongue, an anthropod-borne disease of sheep, goat, cattle and wild ruminants, characterised by high temperature, and cyanotic (blue) appearance and swelling of mucosa of mouth and tongue.
Rinderpest or cattle plague spreads through air or contaminated utensils. The affected animals are cattle, sheep, goats. It causes congested conjunctiva, lachrymation and dryness of the muzzle. There is arching of back with loss of appetite. Lesions appear on the buccal mucosa, lips and gums on the seventh to ninth day. The disease is fatal if unattended. The diseased animals should be inoculated with rinderpest antiserum.
Foot and mouth disease affects cattle, buffaloes, swine, sheep, goats and is characterised by eruptions in the mouth and on the feet. Suffering animals show loss in their
functional efficiency and breeding capacity. The disease spreads through direct contact, water, manure, hay and pasture. Vaccine is available against it.
FUNGAL DISEASES The main disease spread by fungus is ringworm. It affects cattle, sheep, goats. The body has scruffy scabs all over, especially on neck and head. Fungicides should be applied on the scabs.
PROTOZOAN DISEASES Trypanosomiasis affects horses, camels, dogs and cattle. It is transmitted to other animals by blood sucking flies. Affected animals develop anaemia and die after developing high fever. Suffering animals can be treated with Suramin, Antrypol and Antrycide.
Coccidiosis affects cattle and causes blood diarrhoea; Babesiosis causes fever and diarrhoea and anaemia in cattle; Trichomaniasis affects cattle, sheep and pigs and causes abortions and sterility.
WORMS Flukes, tapeworm, roundworm, and spinyheaded worms are parasites that cause diseases in cattle, sheep, goats.
RANIKHET is a viral disease affecting chickens and the affected birds die due to loss of appetite and suffocation and finally paralysis. The birds should be vaccinated as soon as they are six weeks old to protect them.
FOWL Pox is a contagious disease, common in summer months. Wart-like nodules appear on the comb and the wattle and blisters, on the skin. Eyes and nose are covered by a yellow discharge. All young chicks above four weeks should be vaccinated.
FOWL TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID They are bacterial diseases; infection mainly spreads through infected eggs, and droppings and carrier bids. Causes septicaemia.
TICK FEVER The birds show loss of appetite, increased thirst, and crouching appearance. Body temperature fluctuates. Comb and wattle become pale. There is discharge bf loose greenish droppings. Death is due to paralysis of legs and wings, and convulsions.
BACTERIAL DISEASES The main diseases caused by bacteria are as follows.
Anthrax (splenic fever) affects cattle, causing swelling on the body and neck. It reduces milk secretion. Sick animals should be isolated and others should be vaccinated. Bodies of diseased animals should be burnt.
Tuberculosis of cattle is transmitted to man also, through milk. The bacteria affects many parts of the body but mainly the lungs. Treatment is by suitable antibiotics and vaccination.
Mastitis is indicated by swollen udders and watery milk with clots. Different types of antibiotics are administered as a cure.
Brucellosis affects cattle, sheep, pig, goat and even humans. It affects the reproductory organs, and causes abortions. Cows should be vaccinated against the disease.
Salmonellosis affects cattle, causes high temperature and diarrhoea with blood clots in it. It is spread by polluted river water. Vaccines are useful.
VIRAL DISEASES Major diseases caw~ed by viruses are:
Blue tongue, an anthropod-borne disease of sheep, goat, cattle and wild ruminants, characterised by high temperature, and cyanotic (blue) appearance and swelling of mucosa of mouth and tongue.
Rinderpest or cattle plague spreads through air or contaminated utensils. The affected animals are cattle, sheep, goats. It causes congested conjunctiva, lachrymation and dryness of the muzzle. There is arching of back with loss of appetite. Lesions appear on the buccal mucosa, lips and gums on the seventh to ninth day. The disease is fatal if unattended. The diseased animals should be inoculated with rinderpest antiserum.
Foot and mouth disease affects cattle, buffaloes, swine, sheep, goats and is characterised by eruptions in the mouth and on the feet. Suffering animals show loss in their
functional efficiency and breeding capacity. The disease spreads through direct contact, water, manure, hay and pasture. Vaccine is available against it.
FUNGAL DISEASES The main disease spread by fungus is ringworm. It affects cattle, sheep, goats. The body has scruffy scabs all over, especially on neck and head. Fungicides should be applied on the scabs.
PROTOZOAN DISEASES Trypanosomiasis affects horses, camels, dogs and cattle. It is transmitted to other animals by blood sucking flies. Affected animals develop anaemia and die after developing high fever. Suffering animals can be treated with Suramin, Antrypol and Antrycide.
Coccidiosis affects cattle and causes blood diarrhoea; Babesiosis causes fever and diarrhoea and anaemia in cattle; Trichomaniasis affects cattle, sheep and pigs and causes abortions and sterility.
WORMS Flukes, tapeworm, roundworm, and spinyheaded worms are parasites that cause diseases in cattle, sheep, goats.
RANIKHET is a viral disease affecting chickens and the affected birds die due to loss of appetite and suffocation and finally paralysis. The birds should be vaccinated as soon as they are six weeks old to protect them.
FOWL Pox is a contagious disease, common in summer months. Wart-like nodules appear on the comb and the wattle and blisters, on the skin. Eyes and nose are covered by a yellow discharge. All young chicks above four weeks should be vaccinated.
FOWL TYPHOID AND PARATYPHOID They are bacterial diseases; infection mainly spreads through infected eggs, and droppings and carrier bids. Causes septicaemia.
TICK FEVER The birds show loss of appetite, increased thirst, and crouching appearance. Body temperature fluctuates. Comb and wattle become pale. There is discharge bf loose greenish droppings. Death is due to paralysis of legs and wings, and convulsions.
CENTRAL POULTRY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATIONS
CENTRAL POULTRY DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATIONS have been playing a pivotal role in the implementation of the policies of the government with respect to poultry as a tool for alleviating nutritional hunger and palliating the impecuniosities of the resource-poor farmers especially the women. The mandate of these organisations has been
specifically rev~ed, by restructuring all poultry units of this Department to focus on improved indigenous birds, which lay on an average 180-200 eggs per annum and have a vastly improved FCR ratio in terms of feed consumption and weight gain. The organisations have been entrusted with the responsibility of _producing excellent germplasm in the form of day old chicks and hatching eggs of these varieties like Nirbheek, Hitkari, Vanaraja, Shyama Cari, CHABRO, etc., imparting training to approximately 12001500 farmers every year both in-situ and ex-situ and playing a crucial role in analysing feed samples.
A new scheme "Dairy/ Poultry venture Capital Fund" has been launched during the year 2004-05, wherein there is a provision to grant subsidy on interest payment. Components like establishment of poultry breeding farm with low input technology birds and also for ducks/ turkey / guinea fowl/quail/emu / ostrich, etc., establishment of feed godown, feed mill, feed analytical laboratory, marketing of poultry products (specialised transport vehicles, cool room storage facilities and retention sheds for birds, etc.), egg-grading, packing and storage for export capacity, retail poultry dressing unit (300 birds, per day), egg/broiler carts for sale of poultry products and Central grower unit, etc., are considered for financing under this scheme. The nodal agency for the implementation of this scheme is NABARD through nationalised commercial banks.
specifically rev~ed, by restructuring all poultry units of this Department to focus on improved indigenous birds, which lay on an average 180-200 eggs per annum and have a vastly improved FCR ratio in terms of feed consumption and weight gain. The organisations have been entrusted with the responsibility of _producing excellent germplasm in the form of day old chicks and hatching eggs of these varieties like Nirbheek, Hitkari, Vanaraja, Shyama Cari, CHABRO, etc., imparting training to approximately 12001500 farmers every year both in-situ and ex-situ and playing a crucial role in analysing feed samples.
A new scheme "Dairy/ Poultry venture Capital Fund" has been launched during the year 2004-05, wherein there is a provision to grant subsidy on interest payment. Components like establishment of poultry breeding farm with low input technology birds and also for ducks/ turkey / guinea fowl/quail/emu / ostrich, etc., establishment of feed godown, feed mill, feed analytical laboratory, marketing of poultry products (specialised transport vehicles, cool room storage facilities and retention sheds for birds, etc.), egg-grading, packing and storage for export capacity, retail poultry dressing unit (300 birds, per day), egg/broiler carts for sale of poultry products and Central grower unit, etc., are considered for financing under this scheme. The nodal agency for the implementation of this scheme is NABARD through nationalised commercial banks.
POULTRY
POULTRY
All farm birds, such as chicken, turkey, duck, goo~ and guinea fowl, are classified as poultry, though chicke alone constitute as much as 95 per cent of all the poultr kept in the world. The largest egg producers are China an USA.
Some of the famous exotic breeds of fowl are Ne\ Hampshire, Rhode Island Red, Plymouth Rock, Whit Leghorn (lays the most eggs), White and Black Minorca Australorp and Orpington. Most commercial egg farms i: India make use of the 'Astra White', a hybrid of Australoq male and Leghorn female. An Asiatic breed is the Brahma.
DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA The largest number 0 poultry population in India is found in Andhra Pradesl followed by Bihar (including Jharkhand), West Bengal Tamil Nadu and Assam. Domestic fowls in India are usuall) divided into two broad groups: (i) desi or indigenous, anc (ii) imported or exotic.
INDIGENOUS BREEDS They encompass all desi fowl, which do not belong to any pure breed e.g., Naeked Neck, ChittagOllg, Teilis, Punjab, Brown, Chagas, Lolnb, Titre, Busm, Karaknath, Denki, Tellieherry, Kalilhasti, etc.
IMPORTED BREEDS They include such fowls which have been acclimatised in India, e.g., White Leghorn, I~hodl' Island Red, Black MillOera, Plymouth Rock, Light Sussex. NelL' Hampshire, Austra loop, Brown Leghorn, etc.
POULTRY DEVELOPMENT The poultry production in the country has made significant progress over the years. The poultry sector provides direct or indirect employment to over 2 million people. About 25 per cent of the total egg production in the country comes from desi poultry, which is unorganised rural backyard system. A target for achieving production of over 52 billion eggs by 201112, at a growth rate of 4.3 per cent has been visualised by the Government of India. Poultry sector, besides emploxment generation and subsidiary income increase, provides nutritional security especially to the rural poor. Further, landless labourers derive more than 50 per cent of their income from livestock especially poultry.
All farm birds, such as chicken, turkey, duck, goo~ and guinea fowl, are classified as poultry, though chicke alone constitute as much as 95 per cent of all the poultr kept in the world. The largest egg producers are China an USA.
Some of the famous exotic breeds of fowl are Ne\ Hampshire, Rhode Island Red, Plymouth Rock, Whit Leghorn (lays the most eggs), White and Black Minorca Australorp and Orpington. Most commercial egg farms i: India make use of the 'Astra White', a hybrid of Australoq male and Leghorn female. An Asiatic breed is the Brahma.
DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA The largest number 0 poultry population in India is found in Andhra Pradesl followed by Bihar (including Jharkhand), West Bengal Tamil Nadu and Assam. Domestic fowls in India are usuall) divided into two broad groups: (i) desi or indigenous, anc (ii) imported or exotic.
INDIGENOUS BREEDS They encompass all desi fowl, which do not belong to any pure breed e.g., Naeked Neck, ChittagOllg, Teilis, Punjab, Brown, Chagas, Lolnb, Titre, Busm, Karaknath, Denki, Tellieherry, Kalilhasti, etc.
IMPORTED BREEDS They include such fowls which have been acclimatised in India, e.g., White Leghorn, I~hodl' Island Red, Black MillOera, Plymouth Rock, Light Sussex. NelL' Hampshire, Austra loop, Brown Leghorn, etc.
POULTRY DEVELOPMENT The poultry production in the country has made significant progress over the years. The poultry sector provides direct or indirect employment to over 2 million people. About 25 per cent of the total egg production in the country comes from desi poultry, which is unorganised rural backyard system. A target for achieving production of over 52 billion eggs by 201112, at a growth rate of 4.3 per cent has been visualised by the Government of India. Poultry sector, besides emploxment generation and subsidiary income increase, provides nutritional security especially to the rural poor. Further, landless labourers derive more than 50 per cent of their income from livestock especially poultry.
PIGS
PIGS
China is the leading country in rearing pigs, and has more than a third of the world's swine. It is the leading producer of pork. Germany and Poland are large pigproducers but many other countries including the Netherlands, the UK, France and Italy rear pigs on a large scale.
There are more than 128 lakh pigs in India. Of them, 14.5 per cent are graded and of exotic variety. White Yorkshire, Hampshire and Landrace are important exotic breeds of pig. Pork provides.rich animal protein at low cost.
- Efforts have been made to upgrade the animal by cross-breedings with exotic pigs. Largest number of pigs are found in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh.
There are about 158 pig breeding/multiplication cent functioning in India.
A Centrally-sponsored scheme, namely, Assistance State for Integrated Piggery Development was imp mented during the Ninth Plan for strengthening the r breeding"'farms in the country. The scheme was disconti ued at the start of the Tenth Plan.
A new scheme on piggery development viz., 'lnl grated Piggery Development' has been initiated, on the basis of evaluation of the earlier scheme by NABARI during 2005-06. The scheme is part of a new restructun Centrally-sponsored macro management scheme viz., N tional Project for Improvement of Poultry and Sm, Animals.
China is the leading country in rearing pigs, and has more than a third of the world's swine. It is the leading producer of pork. Germany and Poland are large pigproducers but many other countries including the Netherlands, the UK, France and Italy rear pigs on a large scale.
There are more than 128 lakh pigs in India. Of them, 14.5 per cent are graded and of exotic variety. White Yorkshire, Hampshire and Landrace are important exotic breeds of pig. Pork provides.rich animal protein at low cost.
- Efforts have been made to upgrade the animal by cross-breedings with exotic pigs. Largest number of pigs are found in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh.
There are about 158 pig breeding/multiplication cent functioning in India.
A Centrally-sponsored scheme, namely, Assistance State for Integrated Piggery Development was imp mented during the Ninth Plan for strengthening the r breeding"'farms in the country. The scheme was disconti ued at the start of the Tenth Plan.
A new scheme on piggery development viz., 'lnl grated Piggery Development' has been initiated, on the basis of evaluation of the earlier scheme by NABARI during 2005-06. The scheme is part of a new restructun Centrally-sponsored macro management scheme viz., N tional Project for Improvement of Poultry and Sm, Animals.
GOATS
GOATS
Goats can survive on very poor pastures, and, in fact, will eat almost anything-grass, the leaves of trees, and farm or household refuse. They are extensively reared in the drier and more densely peopled parts of the world. The major areas in which they are reared are North Africa and the Sahara, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and Pakistan, China, South-East Asia and East Africa. India has the largest number of goats in the world: one-sixth of the world's total. Goats produce milk, meat and hides.
GOAT BREADING IN INDIA In India, there are about 124.36 million goats (Livestock Census 2003). Bihar (including Jharkhand) ol3Cupies first place as regards their number, followed by Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (including Uttaranchal), Madhya Pradesh (including Chhattisgarh) and Maharashtra.
DISTRIBUTION The majority of goats in the country are desi or non-descript. But certain outstanding breeds are reared in specified areas such as:
(i) Himalaya or Angora Goat Also known as gaddi or Chamba breed, Himalaya or Angora goat is reared in the states of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Kashmir. It is both a beast of burden and a meat producer. The goat produces soft and warm paslllnina hair known as mohair. The yield of hair varies from 3/4 ounce to four ounce per goat.'
(ii) jam/lnapari This breed is found between the Rivers Yamuna and Chambal. It is a dual purpose breed, providing meat and milk. The.average production of milk is two-three kg a day.
(Hi) Barbari Barbari goat is popular in urban areas of Delhi, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. The average daily production of milk is one-two kg, while the total production during lactation is 200-300 kg.
Besides these breeds, many exotic breeds have been used for q:oss-breeding, e.g., Alpine, Nubian, Samnen, Toggenberg, Angora, etc.
Goats can survive on very poor pastures, and, in fact, will eat almost anything-grass, the leaves of trees, and farm or household refuse. They are extensively reared in the drier and more densely peopled parts of the world. The major areas in which they are reared are North Africa and the Sahara, the Middle East, Central Asia, India and Pakistan, China, South-East Asia and East Africa. India has the largest number of goats in the world: one-sixth of the world's total. Goats produce milk, meat and hides.
GOAT BREADING IN INDIA In India, there are about 124.36 million goats (Livestock Census 2003). Bihar (including Jharkhand) ol3Cupies first place as regards their number, followed by Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (including Uttaranchal), Madhya Pradesh (including Chhattisgarh) and Maharashtra.
DISTRIBUTION The majority of goats in the country are desi or non-descript. But certain outstanding breeds are reared in specified areas such as:
(i) Himalaya or Angora Goat Also known as gaddi or Chamba breed, Himalaya or Angora goat is reared in the states of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Kashmir. It is both a beast of burden and a meat producer. The goat produces soft and warm paslllnina hair known as mohair. The yield of hair varies from 3/4 ounce to four ounce per goat.'
(ii) jam/lnapari This breed is found between the Rivers Yamuna and Chambal. It is a dual purpose breed, providing meat and milk. The.average production of milk is two-three kg a day.
(Hi) Barbari Barbari goat is popular in urban areas of Delhi, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. The average daily production of milk is one-two kg, while the total production during lactation is 200-300 kg.
Besides these breeds, many exotic breeds have been used for q:oss-breeding, e.g., Alpine, Nubian, Samnen, Toggenberg, Angora, etc.
SHEEP BREEDING IN INDIA
SHEEP BREEDING IN INDIA According to Live~tock Census 2003, there are about 61.47 million sheep in the country. About five million households in the country are engaged in the rearing of small ruminants (sheep, goats and rabbits) and other allied activities. Sheep are generally located in arid zones having low rainfilll and which are poor in agriculture. Average wool yield of sheep is less than one kg per head per year. As for mutton, the average weight of Indian sheep varies from 25-30 kg.
DISTRIBUTION Most of the sheep in India are rilised in regions which are too dry, too stony or too mountainous for other agricultural purposes or for cattle raising. The largest number of sheep are in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (and Uttaranchal). The best wool yielding sheep are concentrated in the arid region of the northern plains and the Joria region comprising Rajasthan and Gujarat. However, the sheep areas may be geographically divided into three distinct zones-northern temperate region or the Himalayan zone, the north-western zone, and the southern zone.
Nortllern Temperate Region or lfimalayall Region This zone comprises the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal, with nearly five million of medium to fine wool producing sheep. The sheep grazing on the lower altitude during winter hav~ coarse fleece, while the sheep maintained in drier and colder regions provide fine wool. The Chamba, Kulu and Kashmir Valley sheep are valued for superior fleece. Gllrij, Karl7lzah, Blzaharwal, Gaddi and Rampur Bushair are important breeds of sheep in this zone.
Dry Nortll-Eastem Region This zone comprises Rajasthan, south-east Punjab, Gujarat and parts of western Uttar Pradesh, and is noted for carpet wool. The sheep found here are well adapted to the intense heat and severe cold. In this zone, sheep are reared by a special class of herders known as Rebaris. The Rebaris move with their flocks during the rains in the desert or arid hills where the sheep graze on dry healthy land. After the rainy season the Rebaris move to the harvested field. La"i, Biktlllcri, Marwari, Kllte/li, and Katlziawari are important breeds of sheep in this zone.
Semi-arid Southern Region Comprising Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and parts of Madhya Pradesh, this region has about 21 million sheep. Of the total sheep in the region, 10-12 million produce no wool and the others produce very coarse and coloured fleece. Sheep are reared here both for wool and mutton. Sheep of this region have a furry coat. Important breeds of sheep in this zone are: Deccani, Nellare, Bdlary, Malldya and Bandllr.
Sheep Development Programme The principal objec tive is to make the country self-sufficient in wool and meilt production-through scientific breeding, and raise the status of sheep breeders and wool growers. Breeding policy envisages selective exotic cross-breeding. Exotic breeds are Meriono, Rambouillat, Cheviot, Southdown, Leicester ilnd Lincoln. There are five centrally sponsored, sheep-breeding farms in the country at Mamdipally (Andhra Pradesh), Challekeri (Karnataka), Daksum Oammu and Kashmir), Bhaisora (Uttar Pradesh) and Fatehpuri (Rajasthan).
There is~also a 'Central Sheep Breeding Farm' at Hissar (Haryana). It was set up in 1969 to breed and supply rare corriedale and cross-bred rams to various states for sheep development programmes. Two more sheep breeding farms are also located at Shivpuri (Madhya Pradesh) and at Chatra (Bihar). In addition wool boards/sheep corporations have also bee!, established by different state governments to improve' marketing and grading system of wool in the
country.
DISTRIBUTION Most of the sheep in India are rilised in regions which are too dry, too stony or too mountainous for other agricultural purposes or for cattle raising. The largest number of sheep are in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (and Uttaranchal). The best wool yielding sheep are concentrated in the arid region of the northern plains and the Joria region comprising Rajasthan and Gujarat. However, the sheep areas may be geographically divided into three distinct zones-northern temperate region or the Himalayan zone, the north-western zone, and the southern zone.
Nortllern Temperate Region or lfimalayall Region This zone comprises the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal, with nearly five million of medium to fine wool producing sheep. The sheep grazing on the lower altitude during winter hav~ coarse fleece, while the sheep maintained in drier and colder regions provide fine wool. The Chamba, Kulu and Kashmir Valley sheep are valued for superior fleece. Gllrij, Karl7lzah, Blzaharwal, Gaddi and Rampur Bushair are important breeds of sheep in this zone.
Dry Nortll-Eastem Region This zone comprises Rajasthan, south-east Punjab, Gujarat and parts of western Uttar Pradesh, and is noted for carpet wool. The sheep found here are well adapted to the intense heat and severe cold. In this zone, sheep are reared by a special class of herders known as Rebaris. The Rebaris move with their flocks during the rains in the desert or arid hills where the sheep graze on dry healthy land. After the rainy season the Rebaris move to the harvested field. La"i, Biktlllcri, Marwari, Kllte/li, and Katlziawari are important breeds of sheep in this zone.
Semi-arid Southern Region Comprising Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and parts of Madhya Pradesh, this region has about 21 million sheep. Of the total sheep in the region, 10-12 million produce no wool and the others produce very coarse and coloured fleece. Sheep are reared here both for wool and mutton. Sheep of this region have a furry coat. Important breeds of sheep in this zone are: Deccani, Nellare, Bdlary, Malldya and Bandllr.
Sheep Development Programme The principal objec tive is to make the country self-sufficient in wool and meilt production-through scientific breeding, and raise the status of sheep breeders and wool growers. Breeding policy envisages selective exotic cross-breeding. Exotic breeds are Meriono, Rambouillat, Cheviot, Southdown, Leicester ilnd Lincoln. There are five centrally sponsored, sheep-breeding farms in the country at Mamdipally (Andhra Pradesh), Challekeri (Karnataka), Daksum Oammu and Kashmir), Bhaisora (Uttar Pradesh) and Fatehpuri (Rajasthan).
There is~also a 'Central Sheep Breeding Farm' at Hissar (Haryana). It was set up in 1969 to breed and supply rare corriedale and cross-bred rams to various states for sheep development programmes. Two more sheep breeding farms are also located at Shivpuri (Madhya Pradesh) and at Chatra (Bihar). In addition wool boards/sheep corporations have also bee!, established by different state governments to improve' marketing and grading system of wool in the
country.
SHEEP
SHEEP
After goats, sheep were the earliest ruminants to be controlled by man. Sheep ilre reared either for wool or for meat, ('Jamb' for the meat of animals less than 8 months old ilnd 'mutton' for the meat of older animals). Apart from wool and meat, sheep may also yield milk. A fatty substance called lanolin, obtained during wool processing, is important in cosmetics manufacture. Sheep's intestines, when washed and cleaned, are processed as strings for musical instruments and sports equipments, e.g., in tennis and badminton rackets.
Most of the sheep breeds kept for meat originated in the British Isles. The Blackface originated in the Highlands of Scotland and yields superior meat but poor wool. The Cheviot, bred in the Cheviot Hills on the border between Scotland and England, is used either for meat or wool production. Other breeds include Leicester, Lincoln, Romney Marsh, Blilck Welsh, Rough Fell, and Swaledale. Merinos are a valuable Spanish breed. Australia and New Zealand
have the largest number of sheep and are the largest producers and exporters of lamb and mutton. Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Armenia hilve a large number of sheep.
After goats, sheep were the earliest ruminants to be controlled by man. Sheep ilre reared either for wool or for meat, ('Jamb' for the meat of animals less than 8 months old ilnd 'mutton' for the meat of older animals). Apart from wool and meat, sheep may also yield milk. A fatty substance called lanolin, obtained during wool processing, is important in cosmetics manufacture. Sheep's intestines, when washed and cleaned, are processed as strings for musical instruments and sports equipments, e.g., in tennis and badminton rackets.
Most of the sheep breeds kept for meat originated in the British Isles. The Blackface originated in the Highlands of Scotland and yields superior meat but poor wool. The Cheviot, bred in the Cheviot Hills on the border between Scotland and England, is used either for meat or wool production. Other breeds include Leicester, Lincoln, Romney Marsh, Blilck Welsh, Rough Fell, and Swaledale. Merinos are a valuable Spanish breed. Australia and New Zealand
have the largest number of sheep and are the largest producers and exporters of lamb and mutton. Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Armenia hilve a large number of sheep.
Technology Mission on Dairy Development
Technology Mission on Dairy Development A technology mission on dairy development was launched in 1988 along with other missions and has been operative since 1989. It was to function on the ,ground prepared by 'Operation Flood'. The objective of the mission was to accelerate the growth of rural incomes and employment through dairy development. To achieve this, the Operation Flood programmes were dovetailed into other development programmes, such as state animal husbandry and dairying, poverty alleviation programmes, dairy research, processing technology, product manufacture and the programmes of Central Research Institutes, agricultural universities and the NDDB.
The mission functions through location specific strategies, such as people's participation, demonstrations, improvement of milch animals, better land management. production of imp,roved feeds and fodder, health cover md extension facilities, cost effective handling and processing services, intensive marketing, and research and development in biotechnology. The mission has identified several need-based research programmes and assigned them to various research institutions and the NDDB.
Milk and Milk Product Order According to the Milk and Milk Product Order notified in June 1992, any person/ dairy plant handling more than 10,000 litres per day of milk or 500 MT of milk solids per annum needs to be registered with the registering authority appointed by the central government. The order is amended from time to time as per the decision taken in Milk and Milk Product Advisory Board and as per request received from state governments.
Strengthening Infrastructure for Quality and Clean Milk Production A new Centrally sponsored scheme has been launched during 2003-04 in October 2003, with the main objective of improving the quality of raw milk produced at the village level in the country.. Under this scheme, assistance is provided for training of farmers on good milking practices. The scheme is being implemented on 100 per cent grants-in-aid basis to the state governments/VTs for components viz., training of farmer members, detergents, stainless steel utensils, strengthening of existing laboratory facilities whereas 75 per cent financial assistance is provided for setting up of milk chilling facilities at village level in the form of bulk milk coolers.
Integrated Dairy Development Projects in Non-Operation Flood, Hilly and Backward Areas The scheme, since modified as Intensive Dairy Development Programme on the basis of the recommendation of the evaluation studies, launched during the Eighth Plan period continued during Tenth Plan. More than 60 projects have been sanctioned in 25 states and one UI.
Assistance to Cooperative The scheme aims at revitillising the sick dairy cooperative unions at the district level and cooperative federations at the state level. The scheme continued during the Tenth Plan with an outlay of Rs 130 crore.
The mission functions through location specific strategies, such as people's participation, demonstrations, improvement of milch animals, better land management. production of imp,roved feeds and fodder, health cover md extension facilities, cost effective handling and processing services, intensive marketing, and research and development in biotechnology. The mission has identified several need-based research programmes and assigned them to various research institutions and the NDDB.
Milk and Milk Product Order According to the Milk and Milk Product Order notified in June 1992, any person/ dairy plant handling more than 10,000 litres per day of milk or 500 MT of milk solids per annum needs to be registered with the registering authority appointed by the central government. The order is amended from time to time as per the decision taken in Milk and Milk Product Advisory Board and as per request received from state governments.
Strengthening Infrastructure for Quality and Clean Milk Production A new Centrally sponsored scheme has been launched during 2003-04 in October 2003, with the main objective of improving the quality of raw milk produced at the village level in the country.. Under this scheme, assistance is provided for training of farmers on good milking practices. The scheme is being implemented on 100 per cent grants-in-aid basis to the state governments/VTs for components viz., training of farmer members, detergents, stainless steel utensils, strengthening of existing laboratory facilities whereas 75 per cent financial assistance is provided for setting up of milk chilling facilities at village level in the form of bulk milk coolers.
Integrated Dairy Development Projects in Non-Operation Flood, Hilly and Backward Areas The scheme, since modified as Intensive Dairy Development Programme on the basis of the recommendation of the evaluation studies, launched during the Eighth Plan period continued during Tenth Plan. More than 60 projects have been sanctioned in 25 states and one UI.
Assistance to Cooperative The scheme aims at revitillising the sick dairy cooperative unions at the district level and cooperative federations at the state level. The scheme continued during the Tenth Plan with an outlay of Rs 130 crore.
Dairy Development Phase wise
Phaase-1 It started in July 1970 and ended in 1981. The objective was to set up dairy cooperatives in 18 milk sheds
in ten states, so as to link them with the four best metropolitan markets of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. By the end of Phase-I, there were 13,000 village dairy cooperatives covering 15 lakh farmer families.
Phase-2 It covered the Sixth Plan period from 1981 to 1985. It was designed to build on the foundations of Phase1 and on the IDA assisted dairy development programmes in Karnataka, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. By the end of Phase-2, there were 136 milk sheds, 34,500 village dairy cooperatives covering 36 lakh members.
Phase-3 It started in 1985 and its emphasis was on consolidating the gains of the earlier phases by improving productivity and efficiency of the cooperative dairy sector and its institutional base for long term sustainability. This phase came to a.n end in April 1996. By September 1996, about 73,300 dairy cooperative societies had been organised in 170 milksheds involving over 9.4 million farmer members.
Outstanding Results
1. The milk production in India increased from a level of 17 MT in 1950-51 to about 100.9 MT at the end of 2006-07.
2. The per capita availability of milk increased to about 246 gm per day in 2006-07 from a level of 124 gm per day in 1950-51.
3. Imports of milk solids have ended. India has also started exporting milk powder to some countries now.
4. Dairy industry and infrastructure have been expanded and modernised. A Milk Grid has been activated to offset regional and seasonal imbalances in milk production. A stable structure is now present to protect against politica1 instability .
5. About ten million small farmers in 70,000 villages are earning jointly an incremental income of more than Rs 2000 crore. 62 per cent of the milk procurement for 'Operation Flood' comes from small, marginal farmers and the landless.
6. Most of the dairy needs are met indigenously. 7. Genetic improvement of milch animals has been made possible by cross-breeding.
in ten states, so as to link them with the four best metropolitan markets of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. By the end of Phase-I, there were 13,000 village dairy cooperatives covering 15 lakh farmer families.
Phase-2 It covered the Sixth Plan period from 1981 to 1985. It was designed to build on the foundations of Phase1 and on the IDA assisted dairy development programmes in Karnataka, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. By the end of Phase-2, there were 136 milk sheds, 34,500 village dairy cooperatives covering 36 lakh members.
Phase-3 It started in 1985 and its emphasis was on consolidating the gains of the earlier phases by improving productivity and efficiency of the cooperative dairy sector and its institutional base for long term sustainability. This phase came to a.n end in April 1996. By September 1996, about 73,300 dairy cooperative societies had been organised in 170 milksheds involving over 9.4 million farmer members.
Outstanding Results
1. The milk production in India increased from a level of 17 MT in 1950-51 to about 100.9 MT at the end of 2006-07.
2. The per capita availability of milk increased to about 246 gm per day in 2006-07 from a level of 124 gm per day in 1950-51.
3. Imports of milk solids have ended. India has also started exporting milk powder to some countries now.
4. Dairy industry and infrastructure have been expanded and modernised. A Milk Grid has been activated to offset regional and seasonal imbalances in milk production. A stable structure is now present to protect against politica1 instability .
5. About ten million small farmers in 70,000 villages are earning jointly an incremental income of more than Rs 2000 crore. 62 per cent of the milk procurement for 'Operation Flood' comes from small, marginal farmers and the landless.
6. Most of the dairy needs are met indigenously. 7. Genetic improvement of milch animals has been made possible by cross-breeding.
DAIRY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
DAIRY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA In India, milk is obtainea' from cows, buffaloes, goats and from camels (in Rajasthan)'. The Indian Dairy Industry has acquired substantiai growth from the Eighth Plan onwards, achieving an annual output of over 88.1 million tOimes of milk. India's milk output h'-is not only placed the industry first in the world, but alsc,' represents sustained growth in the availability of milk and milk products. The dairy sector is now the largest contrib utor in the agricultural sector to the nation's GDP. The lluge increase in milk supply through concerted efforts on i:.' cooperative level is known as the White Revolution.
Operation Flood Success in raising the milk production is ascribed to the Opera tion Flood project.In 1965, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was set up to promote, pli:.m and organise dairy development through cooperatives. These cooperatives were en
visaged as democratic institu~'ions, owned and man~ged by rural producers and were ~'ensitive to the producer's demands. Basically, Anand model of dairy development was to be replicated in other parts. These cooperatives were also to provide consultancy services and set up dairy plants on a turnkey basis.
The NDDB launched 'Operation Flood' in 1970 with commodity gifts from the European Economic Community, which included skimmed milk powder aD.d butter oil. Proceeds from the sale of ~hese products were used to finance the operation. A multi-tiered cooperative structure was established under the operation with Primary Village Cooperative Societies at the base, District Unions at the district level, State Federations at the state level and the National Cooperative Dairy Federation of India as the apex body for milk cooperative societies.
'Operation Flood' is considereq to be the world's largest dairy development programme. Under this programme professionals were employed at every level, particularly in marketing and application, and science and technology. The central plank of the programme was to link the rural producers' with urban consumers.
These cooperaties undertake procurement, testing, storage and transport of milk; production of a range of milk products; marketing f milk and milk products. They also provide support faci ities like balanced cattle feed, health services, artificial inremination and veter'!p'ary treatment backed by research ir production, processmg and marketing. A brief survey of the phases of Operation Flood is given below.
Operation Flood Success in raising the milk production is ascribed to the Opera tion Flood project.In 1965, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was set up to promote, pli:.m and organise dairy development through cooperatives. These cooperatives were en
visaged as democratic institu~'ions, owned and man~ged by rural producers and were ~'ensitive to the producer's demands. Basically, Anand model of dairy development was to be replicated in other parts. These cooperatives were also to provide consultancy services and set up dairy plants on a turnkey basis.
The NDDB launched 'Operation Flood' in 1970 with commodity gifts from the European Economic Community, which included skimmed milk powder aD.d butter oil. Proceeds from the sale of ~hese products were used to finance the operation. A multi-tiered cooperative structure was established under the operation with Primary Village Cooperative Societies at the base, District Unions at the district level, State Federations at the state level and the National Cooperative Dairy Federation of India as the apex body for milk cooperative societies.
'Operation Flood' is considereq to be the world's largest dairy development programme. Under this programme professionals were employed at every level, particularly in marketing and application, and science and technology. The central plank of the programme was to link the rural producers' with urban consumers.
These cooperaties undertake procurement, testing, storage and transport of milk; production of a range of milk products; marketing f milk and milk products. They also provide support faci ities like balanced cattle feed, health services, artificial inremination and veter'!p'ary treatment backed by research ir production, processmg and marketing. A brief survey of the phases of Operation Flood is given below.
DAIRY FARMING
DAIRY FARMING
Dairy farming involves raising cattle to produce milk. Milk is also produced for butter and for making cheese. Many of the world's well-known breeds of dairy cows come from Western Europe, especially Britain, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The Ayrshire is white or red, or mixed in colour and has long, sharp-pointed horns. The Guernsey and Alderney, first bred on the isles of Guernsey and Alderney in the Channel Islands, off the coast of northwest France, have spots and patches of various shades on their coats, but are dominantly white, especially on the legs. The Jersey cow is the smallest of the dairy breeds and its milk has an extremely high content of butter fat. The Friesian (also called Holstein) is characteristically black-and
white, and is the largest of the dairy breeds and a heavy' grazer - First bred in the low-lying polders of the northwest Netherlands, it is now common in the temperate latitudes. Its milk yield is the highest among dairy cattle. The Swiss Brown is another famous breed whose milk is used in the chocolates of Switzerland.
The most extensive and productive dairying areas are in Western Europe, the USA and the temperate parts of the southern continents. The Baltic States, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan are also dairying areas. Dairying is important in Japan and South Korea. The Netherlands is the
leading exporter of condensed and powdered milk. The lea(~ing exporter of butter is New Zealand.
Dairy farming involves raising cattle to produce milk. Milk is also produced for butter and for making cheese. Many of the world's well-known breeds of dairy cows come from Western Europe, especially Britain, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The Ayrshire is white or red, or mixed in colour and has long, sharp-pointed horns. The Guernsey and Alderney, first bred on the isles of Guernsey and Alderney in the Channel Islands, off the coast of northwest France, have spots and patches of various shades on their coats, but are dominantly white, especially on the legs. The Jersey cow is the smallest of the dairy breeds and its milk has an extremely high content of butter fat. The Friesian (also called Holstein) is characteristically black-and
white, and is the largest of the dairy breeds and a heavy' grazer - First bred in the low-lying polders of the northwest Netherlands, it is now common in the temperate latitudes. Its milk yield is the highest among dairy cattle. The Swiss Brown is another famous breed whose milk is used in the chocolates of Switzerland.
The most extensive and productive dairying areas are in Western Europe, the USA and the temperate parts of the southern continents. The Baltic States, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan are also dairying areas. Dairying is important in Japan and South Korea. The Netherlands is the
leading exporter of condensed and powdered milk. The lea(~ing exporter of butter is New Zealand.
BREEDS OF BUFFALOES
BREEDS OF BUFFALOES Buffalo species is thought to have originated in India. The present-day Indian buffaloes are the descendants of Bas ami found in north-eastern parts of India, especially Assam and surrounding areas. There are two main types of buffaloes in India-river and swamp types. However, both are called Bubalus bubalis. Most of the buffaloes in India are river type, though swamp varieties are also found in certain parts' of the country, especially in eastern' parts. Buffalo is our main milch producing species, and cattle the main milch species to produce the draft bullocks. This is why the contribution of buffaloes to the total milk production is larger than that of cattle. India is the home tract of some of the best buffalo breeds. The most important breeds of Indian buffaloes are as follows:
Murrah The breeding tract is Rohtak, Hisar and Jind in Haryana, and Nabha and Patiala districts in Punjab. The colour of the Murrah is usually jet black with white markings on tail, face and extremities. The average milk yield per lactation is 1,500-2,500 kg. The age of first calving is 45-50 months in villages, but in good herds, it is 36-40 months.
Bhadawari This breed is found in Bhadawari h~hsil (Agra district) and Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh, and Gwalior district of Madhya .Pradesh. The body of the Bhadawari breed is usually light or copper coloured which is peculiar
to this breed. The average milk production is 800 to 1,000' kg. The bullocks are reputed as good draft animals with heat tolerance.
Jaffarabadi The breeding tract of this breed is Kutch, Junagarh and Jamnagar districts of Gujarat. The body is long but not compact. The colour is usually black. The average milk yield is 1,000 to 1,200 kg per lactation. These animals are mostly maintained by traditional breeders called Maldharis, who are nomads. The bullocks are heavy and are used for ploughing and carting.
Surti The breeding tract of this breed is Kaira and Baroda districts of Gujarat. The body is well shaped and medium sized. The colour is black or brown. The peculiarity of the breed is that there are two white collars-one round the jaw and the other at the brisket. The milk yield ranges between 900 and 1,300 kg per lactation. The bullocks are good for light work.
Mehsana The breeding tract of this breed is Mehsana, Sabar, Kanda and Banaskanta districts of Gujarat state. This is supposed to have evolved out of cross-breeding between Surti and Murrah. The colour is usually black to grey. The milk yield is 1,200-1,500 kg per lactation. The breed is supposed to have good persistency. The bullocks are good for heavy work, but are rather slow.
Nagpuri The breeding tract of this breed is Nagpur, Akola and Amravati districts of Maharashtra. This breed is also called Elitchp"ri or Bllrari. The milk yield is 700-1,200 kg per lactation. The age at first calving is 40-50 months and intercalving period is 450-550 days. The bullocks are good for heavy trotting work, but slow in movement.
Nili-Ravi The breeding tract of this breed is Satluj valley in Ferozepur district of Punjab and the Sahiwal district of Pakistan. The colour of the animals is usually black with white markings on forehead, face, muzzle and legs. The milk yield is 1,500-1,850 kg per lactation.
There are a number of other less known breeds such as Toda in Nilgiri, Parlakmedi in Orissa and Pandharpuri and Marathwada in Maharashtra. But their number is very low, and they are only found in isolated pockets. However, they are distinct because of their morphological traits.
Murrah The breeding tract is Rohtak, Hisar and Jind in Haryana, and Nabha and Patiala districts in Punjab. The colour of the Murrah is usually jet black with white markings on tail, face and extremities. The average milk yield per lactation is 1,500-2,500 kg. The age of first calving is 45-50 months in villages, but in good herds, it is 36-40 months.
Bhadawari This breed is found in Bhadawari h~hsil (Agra district) and Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh, and Gwalior district of Madhya .Pradesh. The body of the Bhadawari breed is usually light or copper coloured which is peculiar
to this breed. The average milk production is 800 to 1,000' kg. The bullocks are reputed as good draft animals with heat tolerance.
Jaffarabadi The breeding tract of this breed is Kutch, Junagarh and Jamnagar districts of Gujarat. The body is long but not compact. The colour is usually black. The average milk yield is 1,000 to 1,200 kg per lactation. These animals are mostly maintained by traditional breeders called Maldharis, who are nomads. The bullocks are heavy and are used for ploughing and carting.
Surti The breeding tract of this breed is Kaira and Baroda districts of Gujarat. The body is well shaped and medium sized. The colour is black or brown. The peculiarity of the breed is that there are two white collars-one round the jaw and the other at the brisket. The milk yield ranges between 900 and 1,300 kg per lactation. The bullocks are good for light work.
Mehsana The breeding tract of this breed is Mehsana, Sabar, Kanda and Banaskanta districts of Gujarat state. This is supposed to have evolved out of cross-breeding between Surti and Murrah. The colour is usually black to grey. The milk yield is 1,200-1,500 kg per lactation. The breed is supposed to have good persistency. The bullocks are good for heavy work, but are rather slow.
Nagpuri The breeding tract of this breed is Nagpur, Akola and Amravati districts of Maharashtra. This breed is also called Elitchp"ri or Bllrari. The milk yield is 700-1,200 kg per lactation. The age at first calving is 40-50 months and intercalving period is 450-550 days. The bullocks are good for heavy trotting work, but slow in movement.
Nili-Ravi The breeding tract of this breed is Satluj valley in Ferozepur district of Punjab and the Sahiwal district of Pakistan. The colour of the animals is usually black with white markings on forehead, face, muzzle and legs. The milk yield is 1,500-1,850 kg per lactation.
There are a number of other less known breeds such as Toda in Nilgiri, Parlakmedi in Orissa and Pandharpuri and Marathwada in Maharashtra. But their number is very low, and they are only found in isolated pockets. However, they are distinct because of their morphological traits.
Exotic Breeds, Cross-Breeds
Exotic Breeds Some of the exotic breeds, with heavy milk yielding capacity, have also been developed in India, especially in military farms. The maximum milk yield per lactation IS 6,000 kg in military farms, while the average milk yield of exotic breeds is 2,600 kg. The individual maximum daily yields are above 50 kg.
Some of the important exotic breeds are: Jersey, Holstein-Friesian, Swiss-Brown, Gurnsey, German Fleckvich and Ayreshire.
Cross-Breeds Karan Swiss and Karan Freis are two important cross-breeds of cattle in India.
Karal! Swiss Karan Swiss--evolved out of cross-breeding American Brown Swiss with Indian Sahiwal and Red Sindhi-is an important cross-breed of cattle. The overall inheritance of the Brown Swiss is 50 per cent in the breed. The colour of the breed is red dun. It resembles Sahiwal in its body size and general appearance. The average age at first calving is 32 months and the lactation yield is 3,000 to 4,500 kg with 4.2 to 4.4 fat percentage. The intercalving period is 400 to 425 days.
Karan Freis This breed is evolved out of cross-breeding between Tharparkar and Holstein-Friesian. This has inheritance of 50 per cent from the Friesian. The animals are extremely docile. The average age of first calving is 30-32 months and the milk production is 3,700 kg per lactation with 3.8 to 4.0 per cent fat. The intercalving period is 400430 days.
Some of the important exotic breeds are: Jersey, Holstein-Friesian, Swiss-Brown, Gurnsey, German Fleckvich and Ayreshire.
Cross-Breeds Karan Swiss and Karan Freis are two important cross-breeds of cattle in India.
Karal! Swiss Karan Swiss--evolved out of cross-breeding American Brown Swiss with Indian Sahiwal and Red Sindhi-is an important cross-breed of cattle. The overall inheritance of the Brown Swiss is 50 per cent in the breed. The colour of the breed is red dun. It resembles Sahiwal in its body size and general appearance. The average age at first calving is 32 months and the lactation yield is 3,000 to 4,500 kg with 4.2 to 4.4 fat percentage. The intercalving period is 400 to 425 days.
Karan Freis This breed is evolved out of cross-breeding between Tharparkar and Holstein-Friesian. This has inheritance of 50 per cent from the Friesian. The animals are extremely docile. The average age of first calving is 30-32 months and the milk production is 3,700 kg per lactation with 3.8 to 4.0 per cent fat. The intercalving period is 400430 days.
Draft Breeds
Draft Breeds A large majority of the indigenous breeds are of draft type, in which cows are poor milkers, but bullocks are superior in quality. Prominent draft breeds of cattle in India are Nagauri, Bachaur, Kherigarh, Malvi, Hallikar, Khillari, Kangayam and Amritmahal. The last four breeds are also known as Mysore breeds. Besides, Pan war and Siri are other important draft breeds. They are also known as hilly breeds.
Nagauri This is famous for trotting and as a draft animal. The bullocks are prized for their fast road work. Nagauri breeds are found in the district of Jodhpur in Rajasthan. This breed is supposed to have been evolved from Hariana and Kankrej breeds.
Bachaur This breed is found in Sitamarhi district of Bihar. It has very close similarity to the Hariana breed. The males .are well known for their draft capacity and their ability to thrive under poor conditions of feeding. The females of this breed are not good milkers.
Kherigarh The home tract of this breed is the Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh. Lighter in general appearance, Kherigarh cattle are very active and good animals for light draft and trotting.
MaJvi These are found in Gwalior region of Madhya Pradesh and also in Andhra Pradesh. They are of massive built and in some respects resemble the Kankrej.
Hallikar This breed originated in the former princely state of Vijayanagaram (presently in Karnataka). The animals are compact, muscular and medium-sized. The breed is best known for its draft capacity and especially for its trotting ability. It was used in the war by Tipu Sultan for carrying cannons.
Khillari Khillari breed closely resembles the Hallikar. Its home tract is Sholapur and Sitapur districts of Maharashtra. The animals are compact and tight. Khillari bullocks are regarded as fast and powerful draft animals.
Kangayam This breed originated in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. The animals are of moderate size with compact bodies. The males have black or very dark colour on the head, hump, neck and quarters. A large number of bullocks produced in the northern tract are sold to cultivators in other parts for working on the black cotton soils.
Amritmahal The home tract of Amritmahal is the former princely state of Mysore. Its breeding tract stretches from Krishna basin to Cauery basin. The Amritmahal breed is primarily a draft animal, but during the early days, it was known for its milch qualities. Maharajas of Mysore had developed large farms called Kavals for developing this breed. The animals are closely related to Hallikar.
Ponwar Ponwar is found in the foothills of the Himalayas. It is small and compact with frequent white markings on the forehead, dewlap and limbs. This breed is mainly restricted to the Pilibhit district of Uttar Pradesh. The bullocks do make good draft animals. Cows are very poor milkers.
Siri This is the,..main breed in the hilly tract around Darjeeling in West Bengal and Sikkim. It is found usually in higher altitudes from 1,000 to 4,000 m above the sea level. The breed can withstand rugged mountainous conditions. The bullocks are reputed for good draftability.
Nagauri This is famous for trotting and as a draft animal. The bullocks are prized for their fast road work. Nagauri breeds are found in the district of Jodhpur in Rajasthan. This breed is supposed to have been evolved from Hariana and Kankrej breeds.
Bachaur This breed is found in Sitamarhi district of Bihar. It has very close similarity to the Hariana breed. The males .are well known for their draft capacity and their ability to thrive under poor conditions of feeding. The females of this breed are not good milkers.
Kherigarh The home tract of this breed is the Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh. Lighter in general appearance, Kherigarh cattle are very active and good animals for light draft and trotting.
MaJvi These are found in Gwalior region of Madhya Pradesh and also in Andhra Pradesh. They are of massive built and in some respects resemble the Kankrej.
Hallikar This breed originated in the former princely state of Vijayanagaram (presently in Karnataka). The animals are compact, muscular and medium-sized. The breed is best known for its draft capacity and especially for its trotting ability. It was used in the war by Tipu Sultan for carrying cannons.
Khillari Khillari breed closely resembles the Hallikar. Its home tract is Sholapur and Sitapur districts of Maharashtra. The animals are compact and tight. Khillari bullocks are regarded as fast and powerful draft animals.
Kangayam This breed originated in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. The animals are of moderate size with compact bodies. The males have black or very dark colour on the head, hump, neck and quarters. A large number of bullocks produced in the northern tract are sold to cultivators in other parts for working on the black cotton soils.
Amritmahal The home tract of Amritmahal is the former princely state of Mysore. Its breeding tract stretches from Krishna basin to Cauery basin. The Amritmahal breed is primarily a draft animal, but during the early days, it was known for its milch qualities. Maharajas of Mysore had developed large farms called Kavals for developing this breed. The animals are closely related to Hallikar.
Ponwar Ponwar is found in the foothills of the Himalayas. It is small and compact with frequent white markings on the forehead, dewlap and limbs. This breed is mainly restricted to the Pilibhit district of Uttar Pradesh. The bullocks do make good draft animals. Cows are very poor milkers.
Siri This is the,..main breed in the hilly tract around Darjeeling in West Bengal and Sikkim. It is found usually in higher altitudes from 1,000 to 4,000 m above the sea level. The breed can withstand rugged mountainous conditions. The bullocks are reputed for good draftability.
Dual-purpose Breeds
Dual-purpose Breeds There are a number of cattle breeds in India which are dual purpose-females yield more than an average quantity of milk and the males are good working bullocks. In this group, there are two types of cattle: (i) short-horned, white or light grey cattle with long coffin-shaped skull and face slightly convex in profile; viz., Hariana, Ongole, Gaolo, Rathi, Krishna Valley, etc.; and (ii) lyre-horned, grey cattle, deep bodied with wide forehead, flat or dished in profile, and good draft capacity, viz., Tharparkar and Kankraj.
Hariana The main tract of this breed is the Haryana state. The centre of origin is around Rohtak, Hisar and Gurgaon districts. This is the most popular dual-purpose breed of the Indo-Gangetic plains, and is widely spread in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and also in parts of Madhya Pradesh. They are powerful work animals. Good specimens of cows yield up to 1,500 kg of milk per lactation.
Ongole The native tract of this breed is the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. This is essentially a large muscular breed suitable for heavy draft work. An average yield of 1,000 kg is common. Good specimens have given up to 1,500 kg of milk per lactation. Ongole breeds are known as Nellore breed in Brazil.
Gaolo This breed closely resembles Ongole breed. These breeds are found in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. The animals are basically draft animals. Milk yield in cows is moderate, good specimens yielding up to 1,000 kg per lactation.
Krishna Valley The home tract bf this breed is the black cotton soil along the River Krishna and the adjoining areas of Ghatprabha and Malaprabha in Karnataka. They are also found in certain parts of Andhra Pradesh. The bullocks are massive and powerful, and good for draft in heavy soils. Cows are fairly good milkers.
Rathi This is also known as Rath. Rathi breeds are mostly located in Alwar district of Rajasthan. They are also found in and around Bikaner district. They are medium,sized dual-purpose animals, good cows yielding up to 1,200 kg of milk per lactation. The bullocks are adopted moderately for heavy ploughing and road work.
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Tharparkar The origin of this breed is Tharparker district in the Sind Province of Pakistan, The animals are also known as Thari. This breed is also found in the adjoining
tracts of Rajasthan state, especially around Jodhpur anc Jaisalmer. The males are good draft animals. The milk yielc in cows ranges from 1,800 to 2,600 kg per lactation.
Kankrej The home tract of this breed is south-east oj Rann of Kutch in Gujarat-from the south-west corner 01 Tharparkar district (now in Pakistan) to Ahmedabad and from DeSsa in the east to Radhanpur in the west. They are fast and powerful draft cattle. Cows are average milkers. yielding about 1,400 kg per lactation in terms and less in villages.
Hariana The main tract of this breed is the Haryana state. The centre of origin is around Rohtak, Hisar and Gurgaon districts. This is the most popular dual-purpose breed of the Indo-Gangetic plains, and is widely spread in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and also in parts of Madhya Pradesh. They are powerful work animals. Good specimens of cows yield up to 1,500 kg of milk per lactation.
Ongole The native tract of this breed is the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. This is essentially a large muscular breed suitable for heavy draft work. An average yield of 1,000 kg is common. Good specimens have given up to 1,500 kg of milk per lactation. Ongole breeds are known as Nellore breed in Brazil.
Gaolo This breed closely resembles Ongole breed. These breeds are found in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. The animals are basically draft animals. Milk yield in cows is moderate, good specimens yielding up to 1,000 kg per lactation.
Krishna Valley The home tract bf this breed is the black cotton soil along the River Krishna and the adjoining areas of Ghatprabha and Malaprabha in Karnataka. They are also found in certain parts of Andhra Pradesh. The bullocks are massive and powerful, and good for draft in heavy soils. Cows are fairly good milkers.
Rathi This is also known as Rath. Rathi breeds are mostly located in Alwar district of Rajasthan. They are also found in and around Bikaner district. They are medium,sized dual-purpose animals, good cows yielding up to 1,200 kg of milk per lactation. The bullocks are adopted moderately for heavy ploughing and road work.
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Tharparkar The origin of this breed is Tharparker district in the Sind Province of Pakistan, The animals are also known as Thari. This breed is also found in the adjoining
tracts of Rajasthan state, especially around Jodhpur anc Jaisalmer. The males are good draft animals. The milk yielc in cows ranges from 1,800 to 2,600 kg per lactation.
Kankrej The home tract of this breed is south-east oj Rann of Kutch in Gujarat-from the south-west corner 01 Tharparkar district (now in Pakistan) to Ahmedabad and from DeSsa in the east to Radhanpur in the west. They are fast and powerful draft cattle. Cows are average milkers. yielding about 1,400 kg per lactation in terms and less in villages.
DISTRIBUTION AND NUMBER
DISTRIBUTION AND NUMBER Good breeds of cattle are mostly confined to comparatively dry areas such as Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Pastures in these areas may qualitatively be enough, but they are often scarce. The uncertainty of rainfall makes it obligatory on the part of the owners to grow crops, the residue of which provides a good supply of fodder for cattle. In humid climate, a very poor type of cattle is found.
Buffaloes thrive best in the areas of moderate rainfall as they require plenty of water for their daily bath. They live on coarser grass and even then are heavy yielders of milk.
CATTLE BREEDS India possesses 27 acknowledged indigenous breeds of cattle and seven breeds of buffaloes. These well-defined breeds are found in the dry parts of the country. Other types of breed are non-descript and do not belong to any defined breed. The Indian breeds of cattle are categorised - into the following types.
Milch Breeds Females yield a large quantity of milk, while the bullocks are not of high quality, e.g., Gir, Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Tharparkar and Deoni.
Gir This is a native of Gujarat, but alsb found -- in Maharashtra and adjacent Rajasthan. Gir cows are good milkers. The milk yield ranges from 1,200 to 1,800 kg. The age at first calving varies from 45 to 54 months al}d the intercalving period from 515 to 600 days.
Red Sindhi The home tract of this breed is Karachi and Hyderabad districts of Pakistan. However, a number of herds of this breed are found in certain cattle breeding institutions in the country. Red Sindhis are small in size and are very good milkers. Milk production ranges from 1,250 to 1,800 kg. Age at first calving is 39 to 50 months and the calving interval is of 425 to 540 days.
Sahiwal This is a native of Pakistan. The breeding tract of this breed was Montgomery district which is now named as Sahiwal district. By far it is the best breed of the subcontinent. The animals are usually long and fleshy and with heavier builds. The milk yield ranges from 1,400 to 2,500 kg. The age of first calving ranges from 37 to 48 months and the calving interval is from 430 to 580 days.
Deoni This is an admixture of Gir, Dangi and local animals. Its native tract is in western Andhra Pradesh. They have high milk productivity.
Buffaloes thrive best in the areas of moderate rainfall as they require plenty of water for their daily bath. They live on coarser grass and even then are heavy yielders of milk.
CATTLE BREEDS India possesses 27 acknowledged indigenous breeds of cattle and seven breeds of buffaloes. These well-defined breeds are found in the dry parts of the country. Other types of breed are non-descript and do not belong to any defined breed. The Indian breeds of cattle are categorised - into the following types.
Milch Breeds Females yield a large quantity of milk, while the bullocks are not of high quality, e.g., Gir, Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Tharparkar and Deoni.
Gir This is a native of Gujarat, but alsb found -- in Maharashtra and adjacent Rajasthan. Gir cows are good milkers. The milk yield ranges from 1,200 to 1,800 kg. The age at first calving varies from 45 to 54 months al}d the intercalving period from 515 to 600 days.
Red Sindhi The home tract of this breed is Karachi and Hyderabad districts of Pakistan. However, a number of herds of this breed are found in certain cattle breeding institutions in the country. Red Sindhis are small in size and are very good milkers. Milk production ranges from 1,250 to 1,800 kg. Age at first calving is 39 to 50 months and the calving interval is of 425 to 540 days.
Sahiwal This is a native of Pakistan. The breeding tract of this breed was Montgomery district which is now named as Sahiwal district. By far it is the best breed of the subcontinent. The animals are usually long and fleshy and with heavier builds. The milk yield ranges from 1,400 to 2,500 kg. The age of first calving ranges from 37 to 48 months and the calving interval is from 430 to 580 days.
Deoni This is an admixture of Gir, Dangi and local animals. Its native tract is in western Andhra Pradesh. They have high milk productivity.
CAITLE AND BUFFALO
CAITLE AND BUFFALO
EFFORTS FOR DEVELOPMENT Various central and centrally-sponsored schemes are being implemented forgenetic improvement of cattle and buffalo with a view to enhance the per capita availability of consumption of milk through increased milk production. Efforts are also made to protect and preserve the indigenous cattle and buffalo in their native tract, which are facing threat of extinction. The elite animals are selected and registered on the basis of their performance for production of superior pedigree bulls, bull-mothers, frozen semen and frozen embryos for future breeding improvements.
The National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding has envisaged 100 per cent grant-in-aid to implementing agencies and aims at promoting about 14,000 private artificial insemination (AI) practitioners and building an annual frozen semen production capacity of 66 million doses.
A Central Herd Registration Scheme for identification and location of superior germ plasm of cattle ahd buffaloes, propagation of superior germ stock, regulating the sale and purchase, help in formation of breeders' society and to meet requirement of superior bulls in different parts of the country is also being implemented. The government has established Central Herd Registration Unit in four breeding tracts, i.e., Rohtak, Ahmedabad, Ongole, Ajmer.
The seven Central cattle breeding farms at Suratgarh (Rajasthan), Chiplima and Sunabeda (Orissa), Dhamrod (Gujarat), Hessarghatta (Karnataka), Alamadi (Tamil Nadu) and Andeshnagar (Uttar Pradesh) are engaged in scientific breeding programmes of cattle and buffaloes and production of high pedigreed bulls for National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding Programme besides providing training to farmers and breeders.
EFFORTS FOR DEVELOPMENT Various central and centrally-sponsored schemes are being implemented forgenetic improvement of cattle and buffalo with a view to enhance the per capita availability of consumption of milk through increased milk production. Efforts are also made to protect and preserve the indigenous cattle and buffalo in their native tract, which are facing threat of extinction. The elite animals are selected and registered on the basis of their performance for production of superior pedigree bulls, bull-mothers, frozen semen and frozen embryos for future breeding improvements.
The National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding has envisaged 100 per cent grant-in-aid to implementing agencies and aims at promoting about 14,000 private artificial insemination (AI) practitioners and building an annual frozen semen production capacity of 66 million doses.
A Central Herd Registration Scheme for identification and location of superior germ plasm of cattle ahd buffaloes, propagation of superior germ stock, regulating the sale and purchase, help in formation of breeders' society and to meet requirement of superior bulls in different parts of the country is also being implemented. The government has established Central Herd Registration Unit in four breeding tracts, i.e., Rohtak, Ahmedabad, Ongole, Ajmer.
The seven Central cattle breeding farms at Suratgarh (Rajasthan), Chiplima and Sunabeda (Orissa), Dhamrod (Gujarat), Hessarghatta (Karnataka), Alamadi (Tamil Nadu) and Andeshnagar (Uttar Pradesh) are engaged in scientific breeding programmes of cattle and buffaloes and production of high pedigreed bulls for National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding Programme besides providing training to farmers and breeders.
LIVESTOCK POPULATION IN INDIA
LIVESTOCK POPULATION IN INDIA
Owing to its diverse physical and climatic conditions and vegetation, India has a varied and rich fauna. The country is endowed with the largest livestock population in the world. There are about 500 species of animals and 3,000 species of birds in the country. Some of them are domesticated so as to get various benefits from them, while others are included in wildlife. India's livestock resources have considerable traits of adaptability to withstand environmental stress.
According to the Livestock Census of 2003, the country has about 18.5 crore cattle and 9.8 crore buffaloes and compared to 15.5 crore cattle and 4.3 crore buffaloes in 1951. India accounts for 57 per cent of the world's buffalo population and 15 per cent of the cattle population.
During Five Year Plans, several measures have been initiated by the government to increase the productivity of livestock, which has resulted in significant increase in the
milk production.
Livestock sector not only provides essential protein and nutritious human diet through milk, eggs, meat, etc., but also plays an important role in utilisation of non-edible agricultural by-products. Livestock also provides raw material/by products such as hides and skins, blood, bone, fat, etc.
The contribution of livestock sector to the food basket in the form of milk, eggs and meat has been immense in fulfilling the animal protein requirement of ever-growing human population. The present availability of human protein in an Indian diet is 10 gm per person per day, as against a world average of 25 gm. However, keeping in view the growing population, the animal protein availability has to increase at least two-fold for maintaining the nutritional level of growing children and nursing mothers in India.
The Indian livestock population has the potential to yield much higher economic returns than what it is giving at present, but unscientific and unhygienic conditions of production, shortage of nutritious fodder, harsh climatic conditions, lack of proper storage and marketing facilities etc., are certain hindrances in the way.
Owing to its diverse physical and climatic conditions and vegetation, India has a varied and rich fauna. The country is endowed with the largest livestock population in the world. There are about 500 species of animals and 3,000 species of birds in the country. Some of them are domesticated so as to get various benefits from them, while others are included in wildlife. India's livestock resources have considerable traits of adaptability to withstand environmental stress.
According to the Livestock Census of 2003, the country has about 18.5 crore cattle and 9.8 crore buffaloes and compared to 15.5 crore cattle and 4.3 crore buffaloes in 1951. India accounts for 57 per cent of the world's buffalo population and 15 per cent of the cattle population.
During Five Year Plans, several measures have been initiated by the government to increase the productivity of livestock, which has resulted in significant increase in the
milk production.
Livestock sector not only provides essential protein and nutritious human diet through milk, eggs, meat, etc., but also plays an important role in utilisation of non-edible agricultural by-products. Livestock also provides raw material/by products such as hides and skins, blood, bone, fat, etc.
The contribution of livestock sector to the food basket in the form of milk, eggs and meat has been immense in fulfilling the animal protein requirement of ever-growing human population. The present availability of human protein in an Indian diet is 10 gm per person per day, as against a world average of 25 gm. However, keeping in view the growing population, the animal protein availability has to increase at least two-fold for maintaining the nutritional level of growing children and nursing mothers in India.
The Indian livestock population has the potential to yield much higher economic returns than what it is giving at present, but unscientific and unhygienic conditions of production, shortage of nutritious fodder, harsh climatic conditions, lack of proper storage and marketing facilities etc., are certain hindrances in the way.
The Role of Animals In Economy
ROLE IN ECONOMY
Human beings have depended on animals from ancient times for food and clothing. Animals were also domesticated in time-probably, the dog was the first animal to be domesticated. Later on cattle, sheep and poultry began to be kept. Animals also came to be used for ploughing, traction and for driving machinery. Animal dung is used as fertiliser. Besides, many animals are now used for recreational and educational purposes in wildlife sanctuaries and zoos. Animal husbandry is concerned with the study, breeding, care and utilisation of economically important animals.
Human beings have depended on animals from ancient times for food and clothing. Animals were also domesticated in time-probably, the dog was the first animal to be domesticated. Later on cattle, sheep and poultry began to be kept. Animals also came to be used for ploughing, traction and for driving machinery. Animal dung is used as fertiliser. Besides, many animals are now used for recreational and educational purposes in wildlife sanctuaries and zoos. Animal husbandry is concerned with the study, breeding, care and utilisation of economically important animals.
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